WEBVTT

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Previously in life… History
shows that the entire

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global civilization is moving towards (inaudible).
Cities are the engines of national economic growth.

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Two-thirds of the world
poor live in rural areas

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and depend on agriculture or
activities related to agriculture.

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The aim of the project is to improve the quality of
life of the poor people, so very, very positive still.

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Winter in Mongolia.

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It lasts for seven months each year.

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Minus 18 isn\'t cold,
it\'s when it\'s minus 25

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or minus 30 it begins to feel cold.

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[sil.]

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Mongolia faces huge ecological and
economic challenges as it makes

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the transition from its communist
past to a free market economy.

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It\'s in a race to protect its ecosystem
and the traditional lifestyle

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while developing into a modern society.

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Ulaanbaatar is the coldest
capital city in the world.

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But Mongolians moving into
the city are likely to live

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in sprawling polluted unplanned slums.
The Mongolian government

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is working with the international development agencies
in an attempt to ensure a sustainable transition

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into the modern world.

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[music]

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While the future remains uncertain,
the debate is certainly warming up.

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[sil.]

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The (inaudible) valley lies to the
west of the Mongolian capital.

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It takes its name from the
Mounted express mail station

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that the great (inaudible) set up here in
the 13th century. Seven centuries later,

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the valley still has no
road and no electricity.

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And Mongol herders live a traditional lifestyle
closely dependent on the animals and the land.

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[sil.]

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Dorchma Tokchin and her
family moved here in 1970.

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At 70 years old, Dorchma is
the matriarch of the family

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and knows the valley well.

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This was the most beautiful place.
I was the only ger,

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the grass was high and the water was clean.

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Dorchma and her family live in a
traditional Mongolian ger arguably

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the most perfectly designed tent ever made.
It\'s insulated with rolled wool

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felt a natural barrier
against extreme cold.

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Mongolians heat their gers by
burning wood and dried animal dung.

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It\'s not very efficient

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and has adverse consequences
for the soil and water cycles.

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But when survival is an issue,

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ecological damage is not necessarily
the first thing considered.

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(inaudible) we have to work
hard and rely on yourself.

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We can\'t rely on others or
just sit and wait for help.

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Each person determines
how their life will be.

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Survival has become even more of
an issue within the last decade.

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As Mongolian herders like Dorchma and her
family have lived through increasing incidents

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of what Mongolians call dzud.
Dzud is a disaster.

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A climatic event of prolonged extreme cold which
some scientists put down to global climate change.

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Between 1999

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and 2002, Mongolia lost more
than ten million animals

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almost a third of its
domestic herds to the dzud.

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For the traditional nomadic
people of Mongolia,

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the dzud threatens their way
of life and it comes at a time

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when increasing numbers up to 5% of the
population each year are leaving the land

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and heading for the cities
particularly the capital Ulaanbaatar.

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This demographic shift is
fundamentally changing Mongolia.

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Formerly part of the Soviet bloc,

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Mongolia has been moving toward a
free market economy since 1990.

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Central Ulaanbaatar is beginning
to look like a modern metropolis,

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but for the rural migrants searching
for a better life home here

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is most often a ger in the growing
chaotic shantytowns of the city.

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Although no one knows for sure, it\'s estimated
that 60% of the capital\'s population

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live in the unplanned ger areas.
So many people

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bringing their nomadic customs to the city
is having a major impact on the environment.

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To try to regulate where
the former nomads live,

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the government has enacted a new land privatization law
and is trying to provide basic services to everyone.

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[sil.]

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Tsagaan Sar is the
Mongolian lunar new year.

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Shata following the custom of the season

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is ceremonially taking the first
steps of the New Year for good luck.

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[sil.]

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Like many other Mongolians,
Shata and his family

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moved from the countryside to one of the
expanding ger areas that have sprung up

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all around Ulaanbaatar.

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[non-English narration]

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Living condition countryside are difficult.

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There is no infrastructure or services

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and lately we experience the
dzud and many animals has died.

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The main reason to move to cities are to
find the jobs and educating children.

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[non-English narration]

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Today half of the Mongolian
population lives in Ulaanbaatar City.

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Officially there are 800,000 people.
Unofficially more than one million people.

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A 60% of the population
live in the ger areas

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that means 6,00,000 people.

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An 85 to 90000 households living in the ger
areas with no access to basic services.

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This is 90000 stovepipes,
90000 open toilets.

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[non-English narration]

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The ger areas have grown
up before urban services

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like roads, (inaudible) and
electricity could be installed

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acquiring something as basic as
drinking water can be painful.

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[sil.]

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And there are many

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disgruntled ger area residents.

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During the last election campaign,
candidates for a parliament visited us.

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Three years ago, they promised us land
permission and put electricity and build a well.

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Now it is the third or fourth
year of these promises.

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My kids are in school

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and they need electricity to do their homework
that\'s the most important thing for us.

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[non-English narration]

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We need electricity. We had it, but some
people were stealing the electricity

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and some didn\'t pay, so it\'s cut off.
Our living conditions are really bad.

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When the Soviet era ended, Mongolia
lost the financial subsidies

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that had underpinned its economy. It went
through four years of negative growth

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with high unemployment and high inflation.

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Today its free market economy
is beginning to grow.

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The Mongolian government
and parliament (inaudible)

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in development of infrastructure.

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This will play a significant role in
sustainable development of the economy,

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eradication of poverty, unemployment,

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and development of business activity.

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[sil.]

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The people in the urban ger areas,
heat their homes with wood and coal.

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A lot of time is spent
getting and using fuel.

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Whether in the countryside or in the city,

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in Mongolia, heat is a matter of survival

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and some people go to extremes breaking the law
and even risking their lives by stealing coal.

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[sil.]

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Another risk comes from the unfiltered
emissions from tens of thousands

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of makeshift households hovering in
the winter air over Ulaanbaatar.

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The smoke joins the exhaust from
the Soviet era power stations

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that generate electricity and
supply heat to the city\'s buildings

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together they form a noxious smoke.

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This little girl has already
had three bouts of bronchitis.

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A recent health ministry survey found
that 70% of respondents had symptoms

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of respiratory disease.

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With Mongolian cities having the third
worst air quality ranking in Asia,

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the government is now spending 12%
percent of its budget on health issues.

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Mongolia is attempting to get to grips

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with its huge environmental
and energy problems.

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Ulaanbaatar heating plants on a tourist\'s.
Every year they\'re turned on,

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on September 15th and turned off again
exactly eight months later on May 15th

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regardless of the temperature and even the
plants themselves admit to efficiency losses

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of up to 50%.

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Using an infrared camera, it is
possible to see this phenomenon.

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The colors range from black or blue, which is cold to
red and white, which is hot. When you see red or white,

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it is all energy being lost.

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Energy is a big problem for Mongolia because first
of all that\'s something that\'s very much needed.

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You can\'t do without heat, you have
problems (inaudible) without electricity

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and probably one of the biggest problem is, it\'s
said only 30% percent of Mongolian households

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are currently (inaudible) with electricity.
The other problem is that those power plants

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that are here are relatively
dirty of old Russian design and

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uh… in desperate need of new
investment, better technologies,

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more environmental friendly services. Many of
the city\'s residents live with the effects

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of this extremely inefficient energy generation
and while the people living in the gers

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dream of the comforts of an
apartment, in fact not all apartments

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are created equal. The (inaudible)
family live in what is known as Icetown.

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[non-English narration]

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The ice is stored. In winter
it becomes very thick.

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After a shower, it goes a bit,
but then it freezes again

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because there\'s an empty space
in the wall, it\'s frozen.

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We put more particle board and firm
insulation (inaudible) was frozen,

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and the corner at the window is all ice.

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[non-English narration]

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Of course we have complaints.
The residents always complain.

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Even though the heating is so bad, we
still have to pay the full charge.

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But across town, it\'s a
very different story.

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(inaudible) and her roommates
are very warm students.

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[non-English narration]

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Even when it\'s minus 30 outside,
it\'s like summer in here.

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Because the radiators are so hot,

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they have to open the window even
during the coldest part of the winter.

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And they\'re not the only ones. In this and other
neighborhoods, there are many windows open

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pumping energy out into
the frigid winter air.

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But the capital does have some fully functional
modern apartments, as the story goes

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some are too hot, some are too
cold, and some are just right.

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We can reduce heat loss

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by half if we insulate the buildings.
If we fit (inaudible)

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efficient doors and windows and if
we regulate the heating systems.

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After 1990,

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when the traditional assistance from the
Soviet Union ended, Mongolia became

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increasingly dependent on foreign
donor aid nearly two billion dollars

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poured in between 1991 and 2000 providing
a quarter of Mongolia\'s annual budget

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making it the 9th most aid-dependent
country in the world.

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The government has
prioritized basic services

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and health issues in the capital and
is encouraging foreign investment.

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I believe that in the next few years if
the Mongolia give all its infrastructure,

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it will reach the level of
developed Asian countries.

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We need foreign and private investment

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to help us develop. So we are
creating investment mechanism.

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We are working to help
investors make profits.

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This is critical stay for us.

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One of the most obvious problems

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is the air pollution from coal
burning in the ger areas.

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Now there\'s an aid project to locally manufacture
and promote low cost efficient stoves.

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If people save two tons of coal,

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it means about 50,000 of (inaudible)
could be saved for the family budget.

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Our second benefit is that air
pollution, environmental issues

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especially in the winter time,
in the morning, in the evening,

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and at night there is a lot of smoke.
If the coal consumption will decrease,

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so this effect also could be decreased.

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But putting an efficient stove in a poorly

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constructed house is only part of the solution.
Another three year development project

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is promoting energy efficient housing.

00:16:55.000 --> 00:16:59.999
[non-English narration]

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The purpose of our project is
to promote to the building

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of (inaudible) insulated houses in Mongolia

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as well as provide technical
and financial support.

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These are some of the
materials that we recommend.

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This (inaudible) made in Mongolian.

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So far this is most efficient
material for insulation.

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Also does not harm nature

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and is the least expensive.

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[non-English narration]

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By using super insulation
technology, we can save nature,

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reduce pollution, improve people self and
incomes and the large scale economy.

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[non-English narration]

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For capital, greenhouse gas
emissions are some of the

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highest in the world for Mongolians. Our
project aims to have some impact on reducing

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those emission through supporting
super insulated housing.

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The results so far from using
super insulation are encouraging.

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The hope is that through wide acceptance,
they can have an effect on energy loss

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and pollution.

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The urban palace are also looking at the
bigger picture. How to provide services

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to the ger communities as well as
better houses and to integrate

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the ger communities with
the city as a whole.

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We have to care for those who\'s
leaving in this kind of area, so how?

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So that\'s why we have to make some
trial, have to make some power project

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to show to people, to government, also
to… to people who is living in ger area

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that they have a right
for better environment.

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The former nomadic people who have moved to the
city can be suspicious of their authorities.

00:19:15.000 --> 00:19:19.999
[non-English narration]

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The project must include the community.
So we have to spend a lots of time

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meeting with them so that they
understand what we are trying to do

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and how this will benefit them. Then
together, we can achieve our goals.

00:19:35.000 --> 00:19:39.999
[non-English narration]

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The planners also face another issue.

00:19:45.000 --> 00:19:49.999
New ger areas are growing so quickly

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that the government and the agencies working with it
find it difficult to keep pace with their development,

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let alone their statistics.

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Mongolia\'s energy executives face
enormous challenges in producing

00:20:05.000 --> 00:20:09.999
and delivering power and heat to the people both
in the cities and in the remote countryside.

00:20:10.000 --> 00:20:14.999
[non-English narration]

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Mongolia is so large

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that to deliver electricity to widespread communities of
just few hundred. There\'s always going to be difficult.

00:20:25.000 --> 00:20:29.999
[non-English narration]

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[music]

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And Mongolia faces an
even greater challenge

00:20:40.000 --> 00:20:44.999
as the dzud has demonstrated. Global
climate change has the potential

00:20:45.000 --> 00:20:49.999
to fundamentally alter
Mongolia\'s grassland ecosystem

00:20:50.000 --> 00:20:54.999
and destroy the traditional
lifestyle and rural economy.

00:20:55.000 --> 00:20:59.999
[music]

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In Mongolia, over the last 60 years,

00:21:05.000 --> 00:21:09.999
the air temperatures warmed by 1.4 to 1.5
degrees and the process is continuing.

00:21:10.000 --> 00:21:14.999
To certainly we\'ll have an impact

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on Mongolian (inaudible)
economy and social life.

00:21:20.000 --> 00:21:24.999
In 2002, Mongolia had a smallest
grain harvest in it\'s history.

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During the last few years, Mongolian
lost more than 10 million lives.

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This is an example of how
global climate change

00:21:35.000 --> 00:21:39.999
is affecting Mongolian agriculture
and animal husbandry.

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Mongolia needs heat to survive

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and new initiatives based on renewable energy have
vast potential with 300 cloudless days a year,

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the country is well suited
to develop solar energy.

00:21:55.000 --> 00:21:59.999
[non-English narration]

00:22:00.000 --> 00:22:04.999
To mitigate environmental impact (inaudible)
concerns sustainable energy development

00:22:05.000 --> 00:22:09.999
that is one of the key

00:22:10.000 --> 00:22:14.999
policy of the energy sector

00:22:15.000 --> 00:22:19.999
is to use uh… alternative
energy uh… rather than

00:22:20.000 --> 00:22:24.999
more renewable energy sources that
mean we have some larger potential

00:22:25.000 --> 00:22:29.999
to use solar water wind energy.

00:22:30.000 --> 00:22:34.999
Renewable energies provide an opportunity
for private investors in Mongolia\'s

00:22:35.000 --> 00:22:39.999
new free market economy and they would
help reduce pollution in Mongolia.

00:22:40.000 --> 00:22:44.999
But the biggest question remains
how would Mongolia pay for it?

00:22:45.000 --> 00:22:49.999
We are studying in the actual reductions
of fuel use and our Co2 emissions,

00:22:50.000 --> 00:22:54.999
if we find that these emissions
are substantially reduced,

00:22:55.000 --> 00:22:59.999
the Mongolian government can apply to get
funding from industrialized countries under

00:23:00.000 --> 00:23:04.999
the Clean Development Mechanism
of the Kyoto Protocol.

00:23:05.000 --> 00:23:09.999
Individual Mongolians can improve
efficiency and experience greater comfort

00:23:10.000 --> 00:23:14.999
by cutting waste and
employing new technology.

00:23:15.000 --> 00:23:19.999
And Mongolia itself is well
placed to act as a laboratory

00:23:20.000 --> 00:23:24.999
for sustainable development,

00:23:25.000 --> 00:23:29.999
the 7th Millennium Development Goal.
If Mongolia can achieve equitable

00:23:30.000 --> 00:23:34.999
and energy efficient urban development, it will
also show the world what is needed to lower

00:23:35.000 --> 00:23:39.999
the risk of climate change and protect
this unique ecosystem and culture.

00:23:40.000 --> 00:23:44.999
[sil.]

00:23:45.000 --> 00:23:49.999
Dorchma has already invested

00:23:50.000 --> 00:23:54.999
in a solar panel on her ger and she\'s
thoughtfully considering the broader issues.

00:23:55.000 --> 00:23:59.999
There are move families and the less wood,

00:24:00.000 --> 00:24:04.999
and I\'m worried about the water.
The more trees that are cut,

00:24:05.000 --> 00:24:09.999
the less water we have. I think the
water levels and the trees are related.

00:24:10.000 --> 00:24:18.000
[sil.]