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(Music: “America The Beautiful”)

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- I am confident that
history will write

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that in the 1960s

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we did our part to
maintain our country

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and make it more beautiful.

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- The water we drink,
the food we eat,

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the very air that we breathe
are threatened with pollution.

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- All over the country,
there is an awakening

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for the preservation
of nature's endowments.

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- It was a time when
care for the environment

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came into its own, a time
when we were not yet polarized

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and big ideas could still
win bipartisan support.

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In the halls of
government, Stewart Udall

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was its leading Prophet.

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- Stewart Udall was the
seminal conservation figure

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of the 1960s.

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- He was concerned about the
quality of the environment

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for all the citizens.

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- Stewart Udall served our
country in ways beyond counting.

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- He was Mr. Conservation
for everybody.

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- He was a man ahead of his
time, but his legacy lives on.

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(gentle band music)

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- My father was a visionary.

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He was thinking
way down the road.

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- Stewart Lee Udall served
as Secretary of the Interior,

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under President's
Kennedy and Johnson.

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His political legacy
includes many, if not most,

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of the environmental protections
we now take for granted

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and the broader values he
stood for, world peace,

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racial justice, bipartisan
cooperation, respect for nature,

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seem even more urgent today.

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- More national park units
were created under his watch

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than any other Interior
Secretary in history.

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- He was certainly the first
person in the US government

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that understood environmental
justice issues fully.

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- A surprising background makes
his legacy even more unique.

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- People wonder where his passion
came from, and I really think

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that it came from being
from a pioneer family.

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He was out of doors all
the time, milking the cows,

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plowing the fields, doing
those kinds of things,

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and had this relationship
with the land

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from being very young.

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(relaxed country music)

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- This is St. Johns, Arizona,

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a wind swept hamlet

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on the high Little
Colorado River plateau,

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near the New Mexican border.

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Stewart Udall was
born here in 1920

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and grew up in this modest home.

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His grandfather, David King
Udall, led Mormon pioneers here

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40 years earlier.

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- The Hispanic people were
here and we kind of came in

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and invaded their territory,

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and so they felt that we were
taking their lands at the time

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and I understand that.

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- St. Johns was 60% Mormon,
40% Mexican, we had two Jews,

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but we got along with
the Hispanic kids.

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There was never any fights
or anything like that.

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- St. Johns is so small
that Stewart's brother Mo

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claimed you could put the
entering and leaving signs

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on the same post.

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(jaunty keyboard music)

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- When FDR came along
during the Depression,

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St. Johns adopted him
hook, line and sinker

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'cause they brought
in a lot of projects,

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a lot of jobs, and
made things better.

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We got electricity,
things like that.

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- The Udalls were Republicans,

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but New Deal programs convinced
them that government action

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could improve lives.

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Stewart's father Levi,

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a Mormon farmer and
attorney, became a Democrat.

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Stewart was the third
of six children.

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The Udall boys were
all star athletes, but...

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- Stewart's mother read
poetry to her children.

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It was part of his
life experience.

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He could shoot baskets very
well and he could recite poetry

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just like breathing.

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- Dad was a good farmer.
Morris was a good farmer.

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I was a good farmer.

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Stewart wasn't because he just
didn't have his head into it

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and he couldn't maintain
an interest in it.

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- Yet from an early age,

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Stewart was taken by
the beauty of the land.

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"To a young boy," he wrote, "the
ponderosa pine-clad mountains

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"beyond our green fields beckoned
with ineffable promise.

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"A few trips up there hooked
me on wilderness for life."

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(snake tail rattling)

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- He was always an outdoorsman.

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He was always involved
in hunting, fishing,

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going to visit places.

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- Following junior college,

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Udall served as a Mormon
missionary in New York City.

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- He'd go out and
he'd watch an opera.

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He'd go to the 92nd Street Y
and listen to lectures,

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or he'd go to see
plays and so forth,

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and the whole world
started to open up for him

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in a way that was
just completely new

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and outside his experience.

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(loud explosion)

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- Japanese have attacked
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii,

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President Roosevelt
has just announced.

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- Shortly after Pearl
Harbor, Stewart enlisted

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in the Army Air Corps and
flew on 50 bombing missions

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over Europe.

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He was lucky to make
it back home alive.

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- He just was thrilled
to be a survivor

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and was hurt that other people

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may have been killed by
the bombs he dropped.

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(marching band music)

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- After the war, Stew
and his brother Mo

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were star basketball players
for the University of Arizona.

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In 1946, Stew led Arizona

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to its first National
Invitational Tournament

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in Madison Square Garden.

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- The University of
Arizona was segregated,

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African Americans could
not eat in the cafeterias,

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and so Stewart and Mo decided
to try to change that.

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- The Udall brothers protested
by taking a Black friend

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to the cafeteria with them.

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- And they integrated
that cafeteria

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and worked also to integrate
other parts of the campus.

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- In 1948, their father, Levi,

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who became the chief justice
of the Arizona Supreme Court,

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wrote the ruling that
first gave Native Americans

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the right to vote in the state.

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- Stewart and Morris had a
great passion for social justice,

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and even though he was not a
practicing or active member

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of the church of Jesus
Christ of Latter Day Saints,

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he did not divorce himself
from its core values,

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which I think magnified and
improved his public service,

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his passion for making
the world a better place,

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for leaving your campsite
better than you found it.

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- At the university,
Stewart met Irma Lee Webb,

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the love of his life.

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He and Lee were inseparable
and soon married.

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She gave birth to four
sons and two daughters.

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- While my mother was
quite intelligent and warm,

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she did have this sort
of flinty, Germanic

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kind of quality to her.

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- After graduation
and the bar exam,

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Stew started practicing
law in Tucson.

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- I remember Stewart telling
me how much he loved hiking

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in the Tucson mountains and
the invigorating sense of

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doing that early in
the morning and then

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going to do his legal work
after a good dawn hike.

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- Both Stew and Mo hoped
to run for Congress,

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but Mo deferred to
his older brother.

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- It was the only time they
really didn't see eye to eye

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on things and almost fought over

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who should run for Congress.

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- Stewart was elected in
1954 on his first try.

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He advocated more
military spending,

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a position he would
later reconsider.

00:09:35.430 --> 00:09:36.600
While in Congress,

00:09:36.600 --> 00:09:39.000
he voted for the
interstate highway system.

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- And near the end of
his life he'd say,

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"You know, that was one of
the worst things we did."

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He kept saying, "This is, the
automobile has become king.

00:09:47.760 --> 00:09:49.230
"It's hurt our ability

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"to really develop
livable communities."

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- The Udalls found a
house in McLean, Virginia,

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just outside Washington DC.

00:10:01.650 --> 00:10:03.900
- I just remember our
parents always encouraging us

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to go outdoors and you know,

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smell the fresh air and take
little walks and observe,

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you know, flowers and
the different seasons

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and times of the year.

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- Their home was
filled with visitors

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from ambassadors and
senators to artists.

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- It was very lively and
there was always a lot of

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classical music going
on and we were exposed

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to just great literature.

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- Stewart cultivated a
friendship with Robert Frost,

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then the official
Poet of Congress.

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- Frost was a poet who
wanted to be a statesman.

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He thought he had all
these great political ideas

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and that people
should listen to him.

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And Stewart was a statesman
who wanted to be a poet,

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and that was kind of what brought
them, you know, together.

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- Our mother had us
all memorize a poem

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and he just got the
biggest kick out of that.

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So that was very special, and
of course I was so young,

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I don't think I realized
what an incredibly,

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dynamic person Robert
Frost was at the time.

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♪ Everyone is voting for Jack ♪

00:11:04.890 --> 00:11:08.400
♪ 'Cause he's got what
all the rest lack ♪

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- Stew was also inspired by a
young and charismatic senator

00:11:12.420 --> 00:11:13.743
from Massachusetts.

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♪ Cause he's got high hopes ♪

00:11:17.966 --> 00:11:21.240
♪ He's got high hopes ♪

00:11:21.240 --> 00:11:24.840
- When John Kennedy ran
for president in 1960,

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Udall convinced Arizona's
convention delegates

00:11:27.510 --> 00:11:31.083
to support him instead of
Texas senator Lyndon Johnson.

00:11:32.490 --> 00:11:37.490
In return, JFK appointed Udall
as Secretary of the Interior.

00:11:37.710 --> 00:11:39.240
After a special election,

00:11:39.240 --> 00:11:41.550
his brother Mo replaced
him in Congress.

00:11:41.550 --> 00:11:43.560
- And right out of the get go,

00:11:43.560 --> 00:11:47.070
you start seeing the
impact that Stewart Udall

00:11:47.070 --> 00:11:48.120
is having on things.

00:11:48.120 --> 00:11:51.060
It's Stewart Udall that tells Kennedy,

00:11:51.061 --> 00:11:55.740
"Have Robert Frost deliver
your poem at the inaugural."

00:11:55.740 --> 00:12:00.180
- At 40, Udall was the youngest
of a reform-minded cabinet

00:12:00.180 --> 00:12:02.280
and director of a vast agency

00:12:02.280 --> 00:12:05.340
with an annual budget of
several hundred million dollars

00:12:05.340 --> 00:12:07.710
and thousands of employees.

00:12:07.710 --> 00:12:10.710
Its departments included
the National Park Service,

00:12:10.710 --> 00:12:14.310
the Bureau of Reclamation,
the Bureau of Indian Affairs,

00:12:14.310 --> 00:12:16.170
the Bureau of Land Management,

00:12:16.170 --> 00:12:18.213
and the Fish and
Wildlife Service.

00:12:20.160 --> 00:12:22.200
Just before the inauguration,

00:12:22.200 --> 00:12:24.750
Stewart had interviewed a
young woman from Seattle

00:12:24.750 --> 00:12:26.010
for a job.

00:12:26.010 --> 00:12:30.630
- And he was on the phone
planning who was gonna ride

00:12:30.630 --> 00:12:34.560
with whom to the inaugural
ball the next night,

00:12:34.560 --> 00:12:37.170
so we barely had a conversation.

00:12:37.170 --> 00:12:41.100
The one real question
that he asked me was,

00:12:41.100 --> 00:12:44.110
and I'll never forget it, he said,

00:12:44.111 --> 00:12:47.820
"Those North Cascades, should
they be a national park?"

00:12:47.820 --> 00:12:50.460
And he had another phone
call and that was it.

00:12:50.460 --> 00:12:52.890
He didn't offer me a job,

00:12:52.890 --> 00:12:57.450
but a few weeks later his
secretary called, "Where are you?

00:12:57.450 --> 00:13:01.320
"The boss is looking for you,
he's having a meeting."

00:13:01.320 --> 00:13:04.087
"Oh, I didn't know
I was to be there."

00:13:04.087 --> 00:13:05.247
"Well, come on."

00:13:07.020 --> 00:13:10.770
- At Interior, Udall
got off to a rocky start

00:13:10.770 --> 00:13:13.080
and his critics smelled blood.

00:13:13.080 --> 00:13:17.790
- Stewart's weaknesses were
over-zealousness, impatience.

00:13:17.790 --> 00:13:21.510
He thought that he could
get things done much quicker

00:13:21.510 --> 00:13:24.930
than, that was
politically realistic.

00:13:24.930 --> 00:13:29.280
- His country style, crew cut
and direct speech drew frowns

00:13:29.280 --> 00:13:31.770
from some cabinet
members, and his zealotry

00:13:31.770 --> 00:13:34.110
sometimes embarrassed Kennedy.

00:13:34.110 --> 00:13:37.140
But he surprised everyone
with a popular campaign

00:13:37.140 --> 00:13:40.770
to bring arts and culture into
Washington's political life,

00:13:40.770 --> 00:13:43.980
something not expected
of a rural westerner.

00:13:43.980 --> 00:13:45.813
- You better get your poetry
books out and dust them off.

00:13:45.813 --> 00:13:48.626
Some of us in the new
administration like poetry.

00:13:48.626 --> 00:13:50.790
(audience laughing)

00:13:50.790 --> 00:13:52.650
- He brought in Carl Sandberg,

00:13:52.650 --> 00:13:57.300
he brought in all kinds of
artists, musicians, poets

00:13:57.300 --> 00:14:01.863
to perform at the White
House and you know,

00:14:02.790 --> 00:14:07.790
helped other cabinet members
support these financially,

00:14:08.730 --> 00:14:11.640
which they sometimes resented.

00:14:11.640 --> 00:14:13.590
You know, they worked
all day and yet

00:14:13.590 --> 00:14:16.590
they were supposed to go to
these cultural events too,

00:14:16.590 --> 00:14:20.490
and not only that, help
sponsor them financially.

00:14:20.490 --> 00:14:24.150
- He was greatly assisted by Lee,
who used empty space

00:14:24.150 --> 00:14:28.050
in the Interior Department to
showcase American Indian arts

00:14:28.050 --> 00:14:30.873
and the work of masters
like Ansel Adams.

00:14:31.830 --> 00:14:35.340
Udall enjoyed leading
hikes along nearby trails

00:14:35.340 --> 00:14:37.170
and watching baseball
with the President

00:14:37.170 --> 00:14:39.330
and other prominent people,

00:14:39.330 --> 00:14:42.240
but while they were engaged
in light conversation,

00:14:42.240 --> 00:14:45.630
the usually serious Stewart
concentrated on the game.

00:14:45.630 --> 00:14:48.450
To his dismay, he
discovered that racism

00:14:48.450 --> 00:14:51.480
was also alive in
the nation's capital.

00:14:51.480 --> 00:14:55.353
Washington DC's football team
refused to hire black players.

00:14:56.190 --> 00:14:58.170
Learning that the team
leased its stadium

00:14:58.170 --> 00:14:59.850
from the Interior Department,

00:14:59.850 --> 00:15:02.317
Udall gave the
owner an ultimatum,

00:15:02.317 --> 00:15:05.633
"Hire black athletes or
find another place to play."

00:15:07.350 --> 00:15:11.017
♪ We shall overcome some day ♪

00:15:16.161 --> 00:15:18.381
- We shall overcome.

00:15:18.381 --> 00:15:20.733
- I have the pleasure
to present to you,

00:15:20.733 --> 00:15:22.520
Dr. Martin Luther King.

00:15:22.520 --> 00:15:25.520
(audience cheering)

00:15:33.729 --> 00:15:36.480
- I didn't realize how
brave Stewart Udall was

00:15:36.480 --> 00:15:38.670
on civil rights issues,

00:15:38.670 --> 00:15:43.050
how firmly he was behind
Martin Luther King Jr

00:15:43.050 --> 00:15:46.590
and the Freedom Rides and
wanted full integration,

00:15:46.590 --> 00:15:49.770
and he had very little
tolerance or ability

00:15:49.770 --> 00:15:53.040
to deal with Democrats
from the south

00:15:53.040 --> 00:15:55.290
that were about Jim Crow.

00:15:55.290 --> 00:15:56.640
- Even more shocking,

00:15:56.640 --> 00:15:59.220
Udall soon realize that
the National Park Service

00:15:59.220 --> 00:16:02.310
employed black rangers
only in the Virgin Islands.

00:16:02.310 --> 00:16:07.310
- He had the courage and had
the vision to recruit young

00:16:07.380 --> 00:16:11.820
African Americans even while
we practiced as a nation

00:16:11.820 --> 00:16:13.080
segregation.

00:16:13.080 --> 00:16:17.430
So he made a decision that
for the summer of '62,

00:16:17.430 --> 00:16:19.770
the National Park
Service would in fact

00:16:19.770 --> 00:16:24.060
have young African
Americans in his workforce,

00:16:24.060 --> 00:16:27.240
and these young people be
recruited from historically

00:16:27.240 --> 00:16:29.340
Black colleges and universities.

00:16:29.340 --> 00:16:31.920
- Bob Stanton, a
student from Texas,

00:16:31.920 --> 00:16:33.810
was one of the
first to be hired.

00:16:33.810 --> 00:16:36.270
- So I was selected for
a seasonal Ranger job

00:16:36.270 --> 00:16:40.760
at Grand Teton National Park
in Wyoming, summer of 1962.

00:16:40.760 --> 00:16:43.860
- By 1966, Stanton
had gotten a call

00:16:43.860 --> 00:16:46.770
to come and work for the
Park Service in Washington DC.

00:16:46.770 --> 00:16:50.340
- And I came on board
as a career employee,

00:16:50.340 --> 00:16:54.577
here in this national
office, in June of 1966,

00:16:55.830 --> 00:16:57.840
and stayed with the
National Park Service

00:16:57.840 --> 00:17:02.190
until I stepped down
on January 19th, 2001,

00:17:02.190 --> 00:17:05.073
as the 15th Director of
the National Park Service.

00:17:06.960 --> 00:17:09.180
- Udall understood
that Native Americans

00:17:09.180 --> 00:17:12.060
were also victims
of discrimination.

00:17:12.060 --> 00:17:14.913
He'd grown up near the
Apache and Navajo nations.

00:17:17.460 --> 00:17:20.400
He knew many tribes viewed
the Bureau of Indian Affairs

00:17:20.400 --> 00:17:23.670
as an occupying force that
controlled their resources,

00:17:23.670 --> 00:17:25.320
forced their children
into schools

00:17:25.320 --> 00:17:27.750
that denied their
languages and culture

00:17:27.750 --> 00:17:30.543
and allowed non-Indians
to usurp their lands.

00:17:32.130 --> 00:17:37.080
- He came into office
with a sense of respect

00:17:37.080 --> 00:17:39.870
and dignity for
the Native people.

00:17:39.870 --> 00:17:43.590
- And he sought greater self
determination for the tribes.

00:17:43.590 --> 00:17:46.020
- And one of the things
that came across clear

00:17:46.020 --> 00:17:50.400
to all of us is, we were having
a relationship with Stewart

00:17:50.400 --> 00:17:54.030
in a way we'd never had a
relationship with a politician

00:17:54.030 --> 00:17:57.750
and really, by and large,
by many non-Indian people.

00:17:57.750 --> 00:18:01.350
- To run the BIA, Udall
chose Robert Bennett,

00:18:01.350 --> 00:18:05.073
the first Indian to lead
the bureau since the 1870s.

00:18:07.950 --> 00:18:12.480
- What we felt across
Indian country was that

00:18:12.480 --> 00:18:14.457
Stewart was there with us

00:18:14.457 --> 00:18:16.920
and we could see
Stewart in our circles.

00:18:16.920 --> 00:18:19.110
We could see Stewart
in our ceremonies.

00:18:19.110 --> 00:18:24.110
Stewart was with us in
heart, mind, and spirit.

00:18:27.150 --> 00:18:31.533
- In Alaska, he stopped a
possible giveaway of Native land.

00:18:36.330 --> 00:18:37.860
- The Alaska Natives
were on the brink

00:18:37.860 --> 00:18:40.863
of losing all of
their land, all of it.

00:18:42.270 --> 00:18:46.680
Stewart single handedly
basically put a freeze

00:18:46.680 --> 00:18:48.930
on the conveyance
to the state land

00:18:48.930 --> 00:18:51.060
until the Native
land was conveyed,

00:18:51.060 --> 00:18:54.510
until Native title
was clear and settled.

00:18:54.510 --> 00:18:56.700
If he had not done that,

00:18:56.700 --> 00:18:59.253
it would be a completely
different Alaska.

00:19:01.440 --> 00:19:04.200
- Not content with
his domestic duties,

00:19:04.200 --> 00:19:07.290
Udall also hoped to
be a peacemaker.

00:19:07.290 --> 00:19:10.710
In 1962, he traveled
to the Soviet Union

00:19:10.710 --> 00:19:15.210
with poet Robert Frost, ostensibly
to study its energy grid,

00:19:15.210 --> 00:19:18.270
but he was also able to talk
about ending the arms race

00:19:18.270 --> 00:19:20.283
with Premier Nikita Khrushchev.

00:19:22.220 --> 00:19:23.902
♪ Come on and take
a walk with me ♪

00:19:23.902 --> 00:19:26.479
♪ through this green
and growing land ♪

00:19:26.479 --> 00:19:29.040
♪ Walk through the meadows and
the mountains and the sand ♪

00:19:29.040 --> 00:19:31.290
- Yet his first
priority was always

00:19:31.290 --> 00:19:34.440
the protection of America's
plundered natural resources

00:19:34.440 --> 00:19:36.907
and its endangered
natural beauty.

00:19:36.907 --> 00:19:40.271
♪ Here's a land full
of power and glory ♪

00:19:40.271 --> 00:19:44.850
♪ Beauty that words
cannot recall ♪

00:19:44.850 --> 00:19:47.433
(gentle piano music)

00:19:49.140 --> 00:19:54.087
- My father and my mother both
felt strongly that the parks,

00:19:55.350 --> 00:19:59.130
the national monuments,
just the great outdoors

00:19:59.130 --> 00:20:03.000
were a wonderful
place to raise kids.

00:20:03.000 --> 00:20:08.000
So we would take Jeep trips
in areas like Southern Utah,

00:20:08.190 --> 00:20:10.890
we'd run rivers
all over the west.

00:20:10.890 --> 00:20:14.253
We just did an awful
lot of outdoor things.

00:20:15.938 --> 00:20:17.130
- This is with the
compliments of,

00:20:17.130 --> 00:20:20.010
- "With the compliments of
the Secretary of Interior."

00:20:20.010 --> 00:20:22.320
Don't you love that insignia?
- It's great, yeah.

00:20:22.320 --> 00:20:24.300
- At Point Reyes
National Seashore,

00:20:24.300 --> 00:20:26.280
just north of San Francisco,

00:20:26.280 --> 00:20:28.080
Dennis Udall and Kenneth Brower

00:20:28.080 --> 00:20:30.090
share memories of their fathers,

00:20:30.090 --> 00:20:33.240
the Interior Secretary
and the Sierra Club leader

00:20:33.240 --> 00:20:35.727
who sometimes sparred
over policies,

00:20:35.727 --> 00:20:38.310
(orchestral music)

00:20:38.310 --> 00:20:43.310
but in 1962, Stewart Udall and
David Brower worked together

00:20:43.440 --> 00:20:45.870
with members of Congress
and local residents

00:20:45.870 --> 00:20:49.287
to save this beautiful stretch
of California coastline.

00:20:49.287 --> 00:20:51.704
(somber string music)

00:20:55.170 --> 00:20:58.560
- The real driver of the Point
Reyes legislation was Udall.

00:20:58.560 --> 00:21:02.670
My father was very much
involved in getting,

00:21:02.670 --> 00:21:04.020
making Point Reyes happen.

00:21:04.020 --> 00:21:05.730
He lobbied on both coasts.

00:21:05.730 --> 00:21:08.010
- Udall feared Brower's
passionate lobbying

00:21:08.010 --> 00:21:11.400
might actually produce a
backlash against the idea.

00:21:11.400 --> 00:21:15.390
- There was a point in the
maneuvering for this legislation

00:21:15.390 --> 00:21:17.970
where he said, "Dave, now
it's time for the Sierra Club

00:21:17.970 --> 00:21:21.570
"and you to be a little quiet
at this political moment

00:21:21.570 --> 00:21:22.410
"and it's gonna happen."

00:21:22.410 --> 00:21:25.890
And my father, for once
in his life, shut up.

00:21:25.890 --> 00:21:27.930
- Both Udall and
Brower were present

00:21:27.930 --> 00:21:31.230
to watch Kennedy sign the
Point Reyes Bill into law.

00:21:31.230 --> 00:21:34.800
- And may I thank all of you
on behalf of my department,

00:21:34.800 --> 00:21:37.110
indeed on behalf of the
people of this country,

00:21:37.110 --> 00:21:41.370
those of you in the Sierra Club
who saw and began the fight

00:21:41.370 --> 00:21:44.170
for Point Reyes
many, many years ago.

00:21:44.170 --> 00:21:45.660
(audience clapping)

00:21:45.660 --> 00:21:47.940
- The most expensive
property in America

00:21:47.940 --> 00:21:49.980
was seashore property,

00:21:49.980 --> 00:21:53.220
and they were able to go in
and stop over-development

00:21:53.220 --> 00:21:55.920
and in some places ban
any commercialization

00:21:55.920 --> 00:22:00.240
in parts of American seashore
to have it as public lands.

00:22:00.240 --> 00:22:04.770
So out of the gate, Kennedy
and Udall bonded on seashores

00:22:04.770 --> 00:22:09.770
and bonded on a open agenda
to create new national parks.

00:22:10.110 --> 00:22:15.110
- Historically, there has
always been local opposition,

00:22:17.070 --> 00:22:20.070
regional opposition,
state opposition

00:22:20.070 --> 00:22:22.140
to the creation of
new national parks.

00:22:22.140 --> 00:22:25.230
This is because people
saw the federal government

00:22:25.230 --> 00:22:28.950
as an intruder and
they wanted to control

00:22:28.950 --> 00:22:30.900
and do it the way
they wanted to do it,

00:22:30.900 --> 00:22:32.280
but if that had been done,

00:22:32.280 --> 00:22:36.330
you wouldn't have had national
parks or national forest.

00:22:36.330 --> 00:22:41.040
- He converted Kennedy,
I think, to the fact that

00:22:41.040 --> 00:22:44.790
national parks were important,
and he convinced Kennedy

00:22:44.790 --> 00:22:48.120
to hold a White House
conference on conservation,

00:22:48.120 --> 00:22:53.120
and so he won Kennedy
over to conservation as

00:22:56.040 --> 00:23:01.040
a political cause and a kind
of a spiritual cause, I think.

00:23:07.890 --> 00:23:09.999
- Udall was especially proud

00:23:09.999 --> 00:23:12.483
of Utah's Canyonlands
National Park.

00:23:14.250 --> 00:23:16.170
He'd flown over the area earlier

00:23:16.170 --> 00:23:19.230
with Bureau of Reclamation
director Floyd Dominy,

00:23:19.230 --> 00:23:21.780
who wanted to build a dam there.

00:23:21.780 --> 00:23:23.377
- And my father said, you know,

00:23:23.377 --> 00:23:25.290
"I didn't say it at
the time to him,

00:23:25.290 --> 00:23:28.080
"but I looked down in that
beautiful area that I saw

00:23:28.080 --> 00:23:30.810
"and I saw the next
great national park."

00:23:30.810 --> 00:23:33.333
- I say to you, when this area,

00:23:34.620 --> 00:23:36.930
and we may make it into a
national park, and if we do,

00:23:36.930 --> 00:23:38.780
I'd like to leave
it just like it is,

00:23:40.571 --> 00:23:41.782
so that it would remain.

00:23:41.782 --> 00:23:44.782
(audience clapping)

00:23:46.530 --> 00:23:48.870
There are canyons there
today that no white man

00:23:48.870 --> 00:23:52.140
has ever been in in this
wild and rugged country,

00:23:52.140 --> 00:23:54.870
that they want to
shove a road right down

00:23:54.870 --> 00:23:57.330
into the middle of
this wilderness

00:23:57.330 --> 00:24:00.600
and to build works of man.
I don't say they're wrong,

00:24:00.600 --> 00:24:03.630
but I say there's room
for two points of view

00:24:03.630 --> 00:24:06.482
and I say it with all the
sincerity that I can muster.

00:24:06.482 --> 00:24:09.619
(audience clapping)

00:24:09.619 --> 00:24:12.570
(spare piano music)

00:24:12.570 --> 00:24:15.930
- He loved the red rock
country of the arid southwest

00:24:15.930 --> 00:24:18.660
with its deep gorges
carved by sluggish rivers

00:24:18.660 --> 00:24:19.773
through millennia.

00:24:22.031 --> 00:24:24.531
(music continues)

00:24:29.820 --> 00:24:32.370
- His proposal was
a million acres

00:24:32.370 --> 00:24:34.200
and they ended up
getting a third of it,

00:24:34.200 --> 00:24:37.260
but that's another
example of the vision.

00:24:37.260 --> 00:24:40.590
He was gonna go for
everything that was needed,

00:24:40.590 --> 00:24:43.020
but if politically
he couldn't get it

00:24:43.020 --> 00:24:46.530
and the only way to get it
was to do the first third,

00:24:46.530 --> 00:24:47.943
then that's what he did.

00:24:48.990 --> 00:24:52.950
- I took my first backpack
trip in Canyonlands

00:24:52.950 --> 00:24:56.400
literally within months
of it being designated

00:24:56.400 --> 00:24:59.670
as a new national park
that Stewart Udall created.

00:24:59.670 --> 00:25:03.870
It was probably the key
experience of my life

00:25:03.870 --> 00:25:07.293
in wanting to become a natural
historian and scientist.

00:25:08.455 --> 00:25:11.038
(serene instrumental music)

00:25:13.770 --> 00:25:15.150
- Every place you park,

00:25:15.150 --> 00:25:20.150
you can stand at an overlook
of the most beautiful scenery,

00:25:20.760 --> 00:25:23.610
landscape that you've
ever seen in your life,

00:25:23.610 --> 00:25:28.610
and it was really
astounding, breathtaking.

00:25:30.450 --> 00:25:33.300
- Udall eloquently spoke
of nature's beauty,

00:25:33.300 --> 00:25:36.870
but often preferred to express
his ideas through writing.

00:25:36.870 --> 00:25:38.699
He asked his aide Sharon Francis

00:25:38.699 --> 00:25:40.590
and several prominent authors,

00:25:40.590 --> 00:25:42.210
including Wallace Stegner,

00:25:42.210 --> 00:25:45.390
to help him with the
first of his many books.

00:25:45.390 --> 00:25:50.390
- Stewart wanted to explore
the history of conservation

00:25:50.460 --> 00:25:55.460
in America and he wanted
to start with the Indians,

00:25:55.890 --> 00:26:00.890
with the Native Americans
who had such understanding

00:26:01.080 --> 00:26:05.913
of the land and the resources
among which they lived.

00:26:07.680 --> 00:26:11.007
- Udall called his slim
volume "The Quiet Crisis."

00:26:16.770 --> 00:26:20.280
Published in 1963, it was
a warning of what America

00:26:20.280 --> 00:26:23.040
might become if it did not
address the growing issues

00:26:23.040 --> 00:26:25.293
of pollution and
abuse of nature.

00:26:26.208 --> 00:26:30.586
♪ Ah tell me again,
I need to know ♪

00:26:30.586 --> 00:26:33.131
♪ The forest had trees ♪

00:26:33.131 --> 00:26:35.508
♪ The meadows were green ♪

00:26:35.508 --> 00:26:37.856
♪ The oceans were blue ♪

00:26:37.856 --> 00:26:40.758
♪ And birds really flew ♪

00:26:40.758 --> 00:26:43.594
♪ Can you swear that was true? ♪

00:26:43.594 --> 00:26:46.177
(gentle folk music)

00:26:49.470 --> 00:26:53.100
- He changed the
perception of Americans

00:26:53.100 --> 00:26:56.307
about the meaning of the out
of doors and the public lands

00:26:56.307 --> 00:26:57.960
and he brought that
to the department,

00:26:57.960 --> 00:27:02.130
because the Interior
Department had really become

00:27:02.130 --> 00:27:04.500
a development agency.

00:27:04.500 --> 00:27:06.660
There wasn't much of
a conservation ethic.

00:27:06.660 --> 00:27:09.390
Most of what they were
doing was developing,

00:27:09.390 --> 00:27:12.480
leasing for oil and
gas, and particularly

00:27:12.480 --> 00:27:14.100
running the Bureau
of Reclamation,

00:27:14.100 --> 00:27:19.100
which was busy attempting
to develop and dam

00:27:19.140 --> 00:27:20.823
every river in the west.

00:27:22.020 --> 00:27:25.620
- Udall worried about
a philistine class

00:27:25.620 --> 00:27:29.520
that saw only dollar signs when
they looked at a landscape.

00:27:29.520 --> 00:27:32.790
He thought Americans were
all about the profit motive

00:27:32.790 --> 00:27:35.190
of capitalism,
the gross national product,

00:27:35.190 --> 00:27:40.173
and they were willing to destroy
America's natural beauty.

00:27:41.820 --> 00:27:45.330
- Rachel Carson's warnings about
the dangers of insecticides

00:27:45.330 --> 00:27:48.753
and other poisons seemed
particularly urgent to Udall.

00:27:50.820 --> 00:27:55.110
- And he became a good friend
of hers. He was a mentor.

00:27:55.110 --> 00:27:56.970
He introduced her
to the Kennedys.

00:27:56.970 --> 00:27:59.130
He did everything he could

00:27:59.130 --> 00:28:02.733
to try to make sure that
that her message was heard.

00:28:03.750 --> 00:28:07.230
- Another influence was
ecologist Aldo Leopold

00:28:07.230 --> 00:28:10.687
and his popular book,
"A Sand County Almanac."

00:28:10.687 --> 00:28:13.117
"A thing is right,"
Leopold wrote,

00:28:13.117 --> 00:28:16.290
"when it tends to preserve
the integrity, stability,

00:28:16.290 --> 00:28:19.170
"and beauty of the
biotic community.

00:28:19.170 --> 00:28:21.360
"We abuse land because
we regard it

00:28:21.360 --> 00:28:24.030
"as a commodity belonging to us.

00:28:24.030 --> 00:28:27.600
When we see land as a
community to which we belong,

00:28:27.600 --> 00:28:31.140
we may begin to use it
with love and respect."

00:28:31.140 --> 00:28:33.540
- What he loved about
Leopold's writing was,

00:28:33.540 --> 00:28:38.280
was not merely a
utilitarian point of view

00:28:38.280 --> 00:28:40.590
towards nature like
Gifford Pinchot's.

00:28:40.590 --> 00:28:43.590
It was really that
nature was this elegant

00:28:43.590 --> 00:28:46.590
and eloquent teacher and
that we needed to draw

00:28:46.590 --> 00:28:48.630
on the wisdom of nature,

00:28:48.630 --> 00:28:51.990
that nature was a model
for how we should behave

00:28:51.990 --> 00:28:54.410
as one more creature
on this earth.

00:28:54.410 --> 00:28:57.493
(airplane engines whining)

00:29:02.160 --> 00:29:04.530
- I've come on a
journey of four days,

00:29:04.530 --> 00:29:06.330
five days across
the United States.

00:29:06.330 --> 00:29:10.410
- In September, 1963,
Udall convinced Kennedy

00:29:10.410 --> 00:29:13.113
to join him on a national
conservation tour.

00:29:14.037 --> 00:29:16.454
(brass band music)

00:29:22.260 --> 00:29:24.826
- The potential of this
country is unlimited.

00:29:24.826 --> 00:29:27.243
(music continues)

00:29:32.070 --> 00:29:35.100
We will find by
concentrating our energy

00:29:35.100 --> 00:29:37.350
on our national resources,

00:29:37.350 --> 00:29:40.294
we can fulfill our
responsibilities to ourselves

00:29:40.294 --> 00:29:42.033
and those who depend upon us.

00:29:43.470 --> 00:29:46.170
- One of their stops
included the dedication

00:29:46.170 --> 00:29:50.280
of California's Whiskeytown
dam and recreation area.

00:29:50.280 --> 00:29:52.620
- Reclamation was
a big component

00:29:52.620 --> 00:29:57.030
of federal conservation
efforts in the 1960s,

00:29:57.030 --> 00:30:00.240
and Udall pushed for
a lot of these dams

00:30:00.240 --> 00:30:01.980
and dedicated a lot of them.

00:30:01.980 --> 00:30:04.800
Udall was very much an
international ambassador

00:30:04.800 --> 00:30:08.280
for national parks
and dam building

00:30:08.280 --> 00:30:10.350
and conservation in general.

00:30:10.350 --> 00:30:14.370
He was essentially the
Kennedy Administration's

00:30:14.370 --> 00:30:17.430
poster child for these efforts.

00:30:17.430 --> 00:30:20.640
He was young, he was handsome,
he was very physically fit.

00:30:20.640 --> 00:30:23.400
He was the perfect
person to have on camera.

00:30:23.400 --> 00:30:25.350
- During his overseas travels,

00:30:25.350 --> 00:30:28.230
Udall climbed Japan's
graceful Mount Fuji

00:30:28.230 --> 00:30:31.110
and Africa's
massive Kilimanjaro.

00:30:31.110 --> 00:30:34.020
He returned from his
conservation tour with Kennedy

00:30:34.020 --> 00:30:35.967
excited for the future.

00:30:35.967 --> 00:30:36.870
(loud gunshot)

00:30:36.870 --> 00:30:39.600
- There has been a shooting,
Parkland Hospital has been advised

00:30:39.600 --> 00:30:41.577
to stand by for a
severe gunshot wound.

00:30:41.577 --> 00:30:44.190
- But only two months later,

00:30:44.190 --> 00:30:46.496
devastating news
came from Dallas.

00:30:46.496 --> 00:30:49.320
- President Kennedy
has been assassinated.

00:30:49.320 --> 00:30:51.693
It's official now.
The President is dead.

00:30:54.690 --> 00:30:57.750
- My father had
gotten on a plane

00:30:57.750 --> 00:31:00.390
and was headed to
Japan with, I think,

00:31:00.390 --> 00:31:02.490
maybe eight other
cabinet members,

00:31:02.490 --> 00:31:05.613
and they turned the plane
around in midair and came home.

00:31:10.140 --> 00:31:11.890
- He didn't come to Interior,

00:31:12.750 --> 00:31:17.750
and we all kinda went
home and mourned.

00:31:24.300 --> 00:31:27.300
- The Kennedy assassination
for Udall was gut wrenching.

00:31:27.300 --> 00:31:28.600
It hit him in the stomach.

00:31:29.747 --> 00:31:32.080
(bugle playing "Taps")

00:31:40.530 --> 00:31:42.420
- Udall knew that Lyndon Johnson

00:31:42.420 --> 00:31:45.480
had resented his early
support for Kennedy.

00:31:45.480 --> 00:31:49.590
He suspected his career at
Interior might well be over.

00:31:49.590 --> 00:31:52.920
- LBJ, when he had his
first meeting with him,

00:31:52.920 --> 00:31:54.690
gave him a little
bit of a hazing

00:31:54.690 --> 00:31:58.890
in terms of being a Kennedy
man and asked his response,

00:31:58.890 --> 00:32:00.097
and my father said,

00:32:00.097 --> 00:32:01.680
"I think you're gonna
be a good President

00:32:01.680 --> 00:32:03.540
"and I'd like to be
your Secretary."

00:32:03.540 --> 00:32:07.200
- LBJ told Udall to
get back to work.

00:32:07.200 --> 00:32:09.570
Johnson turned out to
be even more receptive

00:32:09.570 --> 00:32:12.183
to Udall's ideas than
Kennedy had been.

00:32:14.700 --> 00:32:18.090
He'd grown up here, on a
ranch near the Pedernales River

00:32:18.090 --> 00:32:22.950
west of Austin, Texas, and had
a deep appreciation for nature.

00:32:22.950 --> 00:32:25.470
And he needed Udall.

00:32:25.470 --> 00:32:28.470
- Johnson had civil
rights on his hands.

00:32:28.470 --> 00:32:31.530
He had the war in
Vietnam on his hands,

00:32:31.530 --> 00:32:33.720
protestors all over the place.

00:32:33.720 --> 00:32:37.740
But when Stewart Udall
appeared before the press

00:32:37.740 --> 00:32:41.280
he was talking about
places of beauty,

00:32:41.280 --> 00:32:46.280
places of spirituality,
good, beautiful things

00:32:46.440 --> 00:32:51.150
that took the public's
mind off the war

00:32:51.150 --> 00:32:53.670
and the civil rights protests.

00:32:53.670 --> 00:32:58.050
- Sensing a potential ally,
Udall persuaded Johnson's wife

00:32:58.050 --> 00:33:01.172
Lady Bird to accompany him
on a tour of the West.

00:33:03.090 --> 00:33:06.210
- Her official escort was
Secretary of the Interior

00:33:06.210 --> 00:33:08.403
Stewart Udall and Mrs. Udall.

00:33:09.986 --> 00:33:12.000
(meditative instrumental music)

00:33:12.000 --> 00:33:14.460
- On the Snake River
in the Grand Tetons,

00:33:14.460 --> 00:33:16.650
he encouraged her to
make a name for herself

00:33:16.650 --> 00:33:18.577
as a conservationist.

00:33:18.577 --> 00:33:20.670
"Stew was an
excellent salesman,"

00:33:20.670 --> 00:33:24.450
she wrote later, "and he
convinced me this was for me."

00:33:24.450 --> 00:33:29.070
- And he really converted
her to an environmentalist

00:33:29.070 --> 00:33:33.420
and really launched her
beautification campaign.

00:33:33.420 --> 00:33:35.460
"Let's beautify American cities,

00:33:35.460 --> 00:33:38.850
"let's beautify the
American countryside.

00:33:38.850 --> 00:33:41.700
"Let's get rid of
billboards and junkyards

00:33:41.700 --> 00:33:44.580
"and all this trash that we see.

00:33:44.580 --> 00:33:47.250
"Let's make America
beautiful again."

00:33:47.250 --> 00:33:52.173
And he also understood that
by recruiting Lady Bird,

00:33:53.250 --> 00:33:57.503
if she was for it, Lyndon
was gonna be for it,

00:33:57.503 --> 00:34:01.500
because he seldom
disagreed with anything

00:34:01.500 --> 00:34:03.603
that Lady Bird wanted.

00:34:04.800 --> 00:34:07.290
- Udall then offered
Lady Bird his trusted aid,

00:34:07.290 --> 00:34:10.593
Sharon Francis, to help with
the beautification campaign.

00:34:12.420 --> 00:34:16.710
A month before the famous
1965 Selma Freedom March,

00:34:16.710 --> 00:34:19.410
he took Francis to a
meeting at the White House.

00:34:19.410 --> 00:34:21.990
- Stewart loaned me to her.

00:34:21.990 --> 00:34:24.300
I happened to be
sitting by the window

00:34:24.300 --> 00:34:27.483
and we could hear
singing outside.

00:34:29.100 --> 00:34:32.550
Mrs. Johnson said,
"What are they doing?"

00:34:32.550 --> 00:34:36.637
And I looked out the
curtain and I said,

00:34:36.637 --> 00:34:41.490
"They're on their knees
in the snow, Mrs. Johnson,

00:34:41.490 --> 00:34:45.807
and they're singing,
'We Shall Overcome.'"

00:34:47.700 --> 00:34:53.700
She and I looked at each other,
tears came down her face.

00:34:58.170 --> 00:35:01.940
- The beautification campaign
started in Washington, DC.

00:35:01.940 --> 00:35:07.940
- What became most
important to Mrs. Johnson

00:35:08.340 --> 00:35:13.340
was the poor parts of the city

00:35:13.740 --> 00:35:17.367
inhabited by African Americans.

00:35:18.209 --> 00:35:22.626
(violin playing
"America the Beautiful")

00:35:45.489 --> 00:35:49.322
(mariachi music and
singing in Spanish)

00:35:52.260 --> 00:35:54.660
- Secretary of the
Interior Stewart Udall

00:35:54.660 --> 00:35:57.420
and National Park Service
Director George Hartzog

00:35:57.420 --> 00:35:59.070
officially welcomed
the First Lady

00:35:59.070 --> 00:36:00.693
to Big Bend National Park.

00:36:03.270 --> 00:36:07.560
- In 1966, Udall traveled
through Texas with Lady Bird

00:36:07.560 --> 00:36:09.570
to celebrate the
50th anniversary

00:36:09.570 --> 00:36:12.033
of the National Park Service.

00:36:12.033 --> 00:36:14.616
(marching band music)

00:36:27.538 --> 00:36:30.810
Meanwhile, with
support from Johnson,

00:36:30.810 --> 00:36:33.603
Udall was pushing other
measures through Congress.

00:36:34.578 --> 00:36:37.995
(pensive blues guitar music)

00:36:52.860 --> 00:36:56.190
These were bipartisan efforts,
and some Republicans

00:36:56.190 --> 00:36:59.193
were more supportive than
Udall's Democratic colleagues.

00:37:07.110 --> 00:37:08.940
- John Saylor was a Republican

00:37:08.940 --> 00:37:10.560
on the House Interior Committee

00:37:10.560 --> 00:37:15.540
who was very pro-environment,
pro-park, pro-wilderness,

00:37:15.540 --> 00:37:18.090
and Stewart could work with him

00:37:18.090 --> 00:37:21.930
and he could counter
balance Wayne Aspinall,

00:37:21.930 --> 00:37:24.330
the Chairman of the
House Interior Committee,

00:37:24.330 --> 00:37:28.830
a Democrat who was very
resource oriented.

00:37:28.830 --> 00:37:31.830
He wanted to develop
just about everything,

00:37:31.830 --> 00:37:34.470
Sailor wanted to
preserve everything,

00:37:34.470 --> 00:37:38.820
and they fought like
crazy between the two,

00:37:38.820 --> 00:37:41.013
but they respected one another.

00:37:42.240 --> 00:37:44.610
- Udall never got all he wanted,

00:37:44.610 --> 00:37:46.260
but he believed that half a loaf

00:37:46.260 --> 00:37:48.195
was better than none at all,

00:37:48.195 --> 00:37:50.880
and he cared at least
as much about a change

00:37:50.880 --> 00:37:54.543
in American values as he did
about specific legislation.

00:38:01.888 --> 00:38:03.750
Udall hoped for a shift

00:38:03.750 --> 00:38:06.930
away from the dominant
American dream of consumerism

00:38:06.930 --> 00:38:11.930
and economic growth toward
frugality and quality of life.

00:38:12.180 --> 00:38:17.180
- He could see ahead that we
were overusing, oversubscribing,

00:38:18.420 --> 00:38:21.990
and wanted to blow
the whistle on the way

00:38:21.990 --> 00:38:26.520
our whole society approached
resource consumption.

00:38:26.520 --> 00:38:28.050
- And he led by example.

00:38:28.050 --> 00:38:32.760
- Stewart Udall lived
in a very simple way.

00:38:32.760 --> 00:38:37.290
He wasn't attracted
to material items.

00:38:37.290 --> 00:38:41.580
He traveled with a briefcase,
and whatever he needed,

00:38:41.580 --> 00:38:44.040
like a change of shirt,

00:38:44.040 --> 00:38:46.530
would go into the
briefcase with his papers,

00:38:46.530 --> 00:38:49.260
but he did not need luggage.

00:38:49.260 --> 00:38:51.480
- He hated materialism.

00:38:51.480 --> 00:38:55.950
He was very
outspoken about greed

00:38:55.950 --> 00:38:58.620
and that you
shouldn't keep trying

00:38:58.620 --> 00:39:01.590
to get more and more and more,

00:39:01.590 --> 00:39:03.240
that that wasn't the
way to happiness,

00:39:03.240 --> 00:39:05.880
and he said that many
times to all of us.

00:39:05.880 --> 00:39:08.820
- He sensed and
even fell at times

00:39:08.820 --> 00:39:10.593
into that temptation of ego,

00:39:11.550 --> 00:39:14.100
you know, that inflation
of self, you know.

00:39:14.100 --> 00:39:15.660
He saw that as a danger,

00:39:15.660 --> 00:39:18.723
and he saw it in the political
realm, you know, around him.

00:39:20.940 --> 00:39:23.670
- Udall was among the
earliest American leaders

00:39:23.670 --> 00:39:27.330
to call attention to the
threat of global warming.

00:39:27.330 --> 00:39:29.190
As Interior Secretary,

00:39:29.190 --> 00:39:31.500
President Johnson called
on him to regulate

00:39:31.500 --> 00:39:33.873
oil and gas production
and exports.

00:39:37.470 --> 00:39:40.890
- And so my father became
a real expert on energy.

00:39:40.890 --> 00:39:42.870
He cared about these issues.

00:39:42.870 --> 00:39:46.470
He really believed that,
that climate change

00:39:46.470 --> 00:39:50.790
was what was going to impact
us in the biggest way.

00:39:50.790 --> 00:39:52.650
- He was also one of
our first leaders

00:39:52.650 --> 00:39:55.683
to challenge the way we
measure progress in America.

00:40:02.340 --> 00:40:08.340
- Beauty was also pleasing
spiritually, emotionally,

00:40:08.910 --> 00:40:11.910
and that is hard to
put a price on it,

00:40:11.910 --> 00:40:15.630
but I think that's what he meant
by the economics of beauty.

00:40:15.630 --> 00:40:19.860
It will pay off in the
long run by making people

00:40:19.860 --> 00:40:25.860
less stressful, less combative,
maybe more bipartisan.

00:40:28.050 --> 00:40:29.670
- Even in Udall's day,

00:40:29.670 --> 00:40:32.520
there were those who argued
that his emphasis on beauty

00:40:32.520 --> 00:40:35.880
was a distraction for
more pressing issues,

00:40:35.880 --> 00:40:39.240
but Johnson believed Udall's
instincts were right.

00:40:39.240 --> 00:40:41.850
- A few years ago, we
were greatly concerned

00:40:41.850 --> 00:40:43.443
about the ugly American.

00:40:45.030 --> 00:40:48.513
Today we must act to
prevent an ugly America.

00:40:50.220 --> 00:40:52.023
While once the battle is lost,

00:40:53.970 --> 00:40:56.853
and once man can no
longer walk with beauty,

00:40:57.780 --> 00:41:01.890
or wonder at nature,
his spirit will wither

00:41:01.890 --> 00:41:04.113
and his sustenance be wasted.

00:41:05.187 --> 00:41:07.604
(gentle instrumental music)

00:41:10.740 --> 00:41:14.640
- Beauty was the main
theme of Udall's politics:

00:41:14.640 --> 00:41:19.640
beauty of the land, art, human
relations, cities, culture,

00:41:19.710 --> 00:41:21.093
even conversation.

00:41:21.960 --> 00:41:25.350
- He infused the
concept of beauty

00:41:25.350 --> 00:41:28.920
with a much more
transcendental meaning

00:41:28.920 --> 00:41:34.585
that related not just
to a particular place,

00:41:34.587 --> 00:41:38.288
but to our relationship
with the landscape

00:41:38.288 --> 00:41:43.961
and the way in which, well,
we really had to move toward

00:41:43.963 --> 00:41:44.823
a new ethic.

00:41:46.860 --> 00:41:49.440
- Perhaps the Navajo term "Hózhó"

00:41:49.440 --> 00:41:51.153
best captures his philosophy.

00:41:52.350 --> 00:41:55.500
- Hózhó is also called
"the beauty way."

00:41:55.500 --> 00:41:58.620
You're creating balance
and a beautiful way

00:41:58.620 --> 00:42:00.333
with everything around you.

00:42:03.840 --> 00:42:08.040
There are friends that also
have that understanding as well,

00:42:08.040 --> 00:42:09.153
like Stewart Udall.

00:42:11.880 --> 00:42:14.310
- The impressionistic
paintings of Shonto Begay

00:42:14.310 --> 00:42:16.020
convey the concept.

00:42:16.020 --> 00:42:18.330
In his work, he
captures the beauty

00:42:18.330 --> 00:42:20.553
of the Navajo's
high desert home.

00:42:23.700 --> 00:42:28.033
- (Shonto speaking in Navajo)

00:42:29.460 --> 00:42:32.560
May I step into the
world where I share

00:42:34.080 --> 00:42:36.693
the beauty of my world,
the beauty of my presence,

00:42:39.000 --> 00:42:40.500
the beauty of everything I do,

00:42:41.987 --> 00:42:45.420
the things I see,
the lives I touch,

00:42:45.420 --> 00:42:49.863
may all of these be
part of the, the beauty.

00:42:51.072 --> 00:42:53.489
(gentle violin music)

00:43:00.600 --> 00:43:05.340
- Stewart had the multilayered,
complex understanding

00:43:05.340 --> 00:43:07.710
of beauty, much in alliance

00:43:07.710 --> 00:43:09.473
with the way Native
people understand beauty

00:43:09.473 --> 00:43:11.457
and the spirituality of it,

00:43:11.457 --> 00:43:13.677
and the source of
life within nature

00:43:13.677 --> 00:43:15.660
and the beauty of nature.

00:43:15.660 --> 00:43:18.240
(water cascading)

00:43:18.240 --> 00:43:20.460
- My grandfather
wanted each person

00:43:20.460 --> 00:43:24.210
to develop a relationship
with the out of doors

00:43:24.210 --> 00:43:26.100
where you don't see
another human being

00:43:26.100 --> 00:43:30.513
and all you can see
and hear is natural.

00:43:32.310 --> 00:43:34.500
The world and Mother
Nature is so much bigger

00:43:34.500 --> 00:43:36.870
than anything than
any of us have built

00:43:36.870 --> 00:43:38.310
and put on top of it,

00:43:38.310 --> 00:43:41.490
and I think that he
wanted each person

00:43:41.490 --> 00:43:44.403
to be able to experience
the liberation of that.

00:43:45.570 --> 00:43:48.720
- Most of Udall's victories
did not come easily.

00:43:48.720 --> 00:43:50.550
During the Kennedy
administration,

00:43:50.550 --> 00:43:54.060
many of his proposals
were blocked by Congress,

00:43:54.060 --> 00:43:57.360
but Kennedy's death and
Johnson's landslide re-election

00:43:57.360 --> 00:44:01.020
in 1964 helped to
unify the country

00:44:01.020 --> 00:44:03.000
and increase the
will to cooperate

00:44:03.000 --> 00:44:05.610
on both sides of
the political aisle.

00:44:05.610 --> 00:44:09.420
Then, Udall's hardest times
as Interior Secretary

00:44:09.420 --> 00:44:12.750
sometimes arose from his
own internal contradictions

00:44:12.750 --> 00:44:14.493
and political calculations.

00:44:16.310 --> 00:44:19.833
♪ Whose river was this? ♪

00:44:19.833 --> 00:44:24.176
♪ You say it ran freely ♪

00:44:24.176 --> 00:44:27.494
♪ Blue was its color ♪

00:44:27.494 --> 00:44:31.740
♪ I've seen blue
in some pictures ♪

00:44:31.740 --> 00:44:34.290
- This is Lake Powell
on the Colorado River,

00:44:34.290 --> 00:44:37.620
the reservoir behind
Glen Canyon Dam.

00:44:37.620 --> 00:44:39.660
It's drying up as a
result of a drought

00:44:39.660 --> 00:44:42.360
caused largely by
climate change.

00:44:42.360 --> 00:44:47.250
When it was built, the dam
destroyed places of great beauty.

00:44:47.250 --> 00:44:49.833
(gentle folk music)

00:44:50.981 --> 00:44:53.820
- It was 188 miles of
beautiful canyons.

00:44:53.820 --> 00:44:55.230
It's now a reservoir.

00:44:55.230 --> 00:44:57.743
It was the most beautiful
canyon system in the world.

00:44:58.745 --> 00:45:00.810
♪ Or was it a blue one ♪

00:45:00.810 --> 00:45:03.160
- The beauty of
these side canyons.

00:45:03.160 --> 00:45:04.593
♪ At night there were breezes ♪

00:45:04.593 --> 00:45:06.753
- They were magical places.

00:45:07.680 --> 00:45:09.990
Every, every turn
had a different feel,

00:45:09.990 --> 00:45:11.490
petroglyphs on the side

00:45:11.490 --> 00:45:13.810
and just this beautiful
sandstone sculpture.

00:45:14.700 --> 00:45:16.197
And my dad, I just
remember watching my dad

00:45:16.197 --> 00:45:17.970
and he started to cry.

00:45:17.970 --> 00:45:20.163
It was just a huge loss.

00:45:23.430 --> 00:45:27.600
- While in Congress, Udall
had voted for the dam.

00:45:27.600 --> 00:45:29.970
As part of the Central
Arizona Project,

00:45:29.970 --> 00:45:32.550
a plan Udall
originally supported,

00:45:32.550 --> 00:45:34.680
Commissioner of
Reclamation Floyd Dominy

00:45:34.680 --> 00:45:38.190
proposed that two more power
dams be built right outside

00:45:38.190 --> 00:45:40.170
Grand Canyon National Park,

00:45:40.170 --> 00:45:42.453
flooding a small part
of the park itself.

00:45:43.290 --> 00:45:45.780
Their purpose was
to produce energy

00:45:45.780 --> 00:45:49.890
to pump Colorado River
water to the Arizona desert.

00:45:49.890 --> 00:45:52.530
- One thing that
Arizonans could agree on,

00:45:52.530 --> 00:45:55.470
whether they're
Democrats or Republicans,

00:45:55.470 --> 00:45:58.260
was they needed more water.

00:45:58.260 --> 00:46:04.260
So as a politician, you could
not be anti-water development.

00:46:04.920 --> 00:46:08.160
- Udall continually felt the
tensions that mark efforts

00:46:08.160 --> 00:46:11.550
to conserve resources
while at the same time

00:46:11.550 --> 00:46:15.363
enabling humans to work and
live in healthy communities.

00:46:16.860 --> 00:46:20.100
- He also recognized
that livability

00:46:20.100 --> 00:46:23.430
must include the ability
of people to make a living,

00:46:23.430 --> 00:46:28.080
and he worked at resolving that
tension to find the balance

00:46:28.080 --> 00:46:31.380
between human needs and
environmental preservation.

00:46:31.380 --> 00:46:35.100
- Initially, Dominy convinced
Udall and President Johnson

00:46:35.100 --> 00:46:36.960
that the dams were needed

00:46:36.960 --> 00:46:40.110
- And of course conservationists,
environmentalists,

00:46:40.110 --> 00:46:42.870
preservationists
were all up in arms,

00:46:42.870 --> 00:46:45.663
especially Dave Brower
of the Sierra Club.

00:46:48.030 --> 00:46:50.403
- There is no
other Grand Canyon.

00:46:51.390 --> 00:46:55.203
Dams or people?
You can help decide.

00:46:57.060 --> 00:47:00.777
This Grand Canyon is
your Grand Canyon.

00:47:00.777 --> 00:47:03.610
(classical music)

00:47:07.950 --> 00:47:10.170
- Brower launched
a massive campaign

00:47:10.170 --> 00:47:12.300
of anti-dam advertising

00:47:12.300 --> 00:47:14.850
and letters to Congress
and the President.

00:47:14.850 --> 00:47:16.620
- What Stew Udall
said afterwards

00:47:16.620 --> 00:47:19.890
is when he saw these
clippings begin to come in,

00:47:19.890 --> 00:47:23.520
these ads, he said, "There's
something new happening here

00:47:23.520 --> 00:47:24.930
"that I've never seen before."

00:47:24.930 --> 00:47:27.120
They were tremendously
effective.

00:47:27.120 --> 00:47:29.313
- Udall found himself in a trap.

00:47:31.050 --> 00:47:34.860
- If he didn't support
the project with dams

00:47:34.860 --> 00:47:37.110
to provide Arizona with water,

00:47:37.110 --> 00:47:39.750
he was done as an
Arizona politician.

00:47:39.750 --> 00:47:44.160
On the other hand, he didn't
want to ruin his reputation

00:47:44.160 --> 00:47:47.700
as being the nation's
number one environmentalist

00:47:47.700 --> 00:47:49.740
by being for the dams.

00:47:49.740 --> 00:47:53.673
So he was caught in between.
What should he do?

00:47:56.790 --> 00:47:59.910
- He decided to let
the river tell him.

00:47:59.910 --> 00:48:02.640
Udall took his family
through the Grand Canyon

00:48:02.640 --> 00:48:05.490
and parts of Glen Canyon that
were slowly being drowned

00:48:05.490 --> 00:48:07.773
by the rising waters
of Lake Powell.

00:48:09.660 --> 00:48:11.277
- He always said to us

00:48:11.277 --> 00:48:13.560
and he was very
clear that he thought

00:48:13.560 --> 00:48:17.280
the Glen Canyon Dam was
one of the great mistakes

00:48:17.280 --> 00:48:19.050
of his career.

00:48:19.050 --> 00:48:21.450
- He told me that they
spent days on the river

00:48:21.450 --> 00:48:24.240
and each day was more
remarkable than the last,

00:48:24.240 --> 00:48:28.200
with these 2000 foot
red walls of the canyon

00:48:28.200 --> 00:48:33.200
and this glassy blue-green
water and the emerald springs

00:48:33.270 --> 00:48:39.270
and willows and cottonwood,
and he realized that not only he

00:48:39.780 --> 00:48:44.780
but almost nobody else would
ever see that place again.

00:48:45.480 --> 00:48:48.510
- The trip convinced Udall
that the Grand Canyon Dam

00:48:48.510 --> 00:48:50.070
should not be built.

00:48:50.070 --> 00:48:52.650
- When my father learned
that Stewart Udall

00:48:52.650 --> 00:48:55.590
had come out against the dams
and effectively stopped them,

00:48:55.590 --> 00:48:56.493
he was delighted.

00:48:56.493 --> 00:49:01.493
This was probably the greatest
triumph of, of his career.

00:49:01.920 --> 00:49:05.820
I think after Stewart realized
his mistake on Glen Canyon,

00:49:05.820 --> 00:49:08.770
I think was clear sailing
between those two men ever after.

00:49:10.560 --> 00:49:11.700
- One of the most
important things

00:49:11.700 --> 00:49:14.820
for any public official
is to be open-minded,

00:49:14.820 --> 00:49:18.570
and Brower helped me see
things in a different light

00:49:18.570 --> 00:49:20.970
and in that sense,
I'm in his debt.

00:49:20.970 --> 00:49:22.020
No question about it.

00:49:22.890 --> 00:49:25.740
There had to be leadership
that was essentially

00:49:25.740 --> 00:49:29.370
very hard-nosed and
very uncompromising

00:49:29.370 --> 00:49:32.400
in order to achieve the
results that were achieved,

00:49:32.400 --> 00:49:34.443
and if Brower hadn't
have done it

00:49:35.910 --> 00:49:39.870
there might have been some
very serious failures.

00:49:39.870 --> 00:49:43.950
- And I believe that he also
harkened back to something

00:49:43.950 --> 00:49:46.950
he would've learned from
the pattern of faith

00:49:46.950 --> 00:49:51.360
of his Udall home, which
is if you make a mistake,

00:49:51.360 --> 00:49:52.800
you can repent.

00:49:52.800 --> 00:49:55.380
If you make a mistake,
you can make it right.

00:49:55.380 --> 00:49:58.440
- Then too, Udall
sensed that his duty

00:49:58.440 --> 00:50:02.403
as Interior Secretary was to
the nation, not just Arizona.

00:50:03.612 --> 00:50:06.180
- And with that came
a responsibility

00:50:06.180 --> 00:50:11.180
to look in a much broader way
at our rivers and our water

00:50:12.390 --> 00:50:16.020
and the way we develop
water in a way that serves

00:50:16.020 --> 00:50:17.193
the entire nation.

00:50:18.330 --> 00:50:20.700
- Afterwards, both Stew
and his brother Mo

00:50:20.700 --> 00:50:24.471
would describe the Central
Arizona Project as a mistake.

00:50:24.471 --> 00:50:28.560
♪ Glory, glory hallelujah ♪

00:50:28.560 --> 00:50:31.650
- During the same period,
Udall broke officially

00:50:31.650 --> 00:50:33.690
with the faith of his fathers,

00:50:33.690 --> 00:50:36.540
with a letter openly
chastising the Mormon church

00:50:36.540 --> 00:50:39.982
for its refusal to allow
Blacks in its priesthood.

00:50:39.982 --> 00:50:43.710
- He laid out in that
letter to the editor

00:50:43.710 --> 00:50:45.870
and the essay he sent with it

00:50:45.870 --> 00:50:47.907
exactly what many
people were thinking,

00:50:47.907 --> 00:50:51.700
and that is we need to focus
on the teachings of Jesus

00:50:52.620 --> 00:50:54.750
and get out in front of this

00:50:54.750 --> 00:50:59.280
instead of trying to defend
something that's a policy

00:50:59.280 --> 00:51:03.090
that just doesn't fit in the way

00:51:03.090 --> 00:51:05.121
that Jesus would do things.

00:51:05.121 --> 00:51:08.037
♪ Oh I march to the battle
of New Orleans ♪

00:51:08.037 --> 00:51:10.533
- But no decision was
more difficult for Udall

00:51:10.533 --> 00:51:12.987
than his response
to the Vietnam War.

00:51:12.987 --> 00:51:14.503
♪ The young lad
started growing ♪

00:51:14.503 --> 00:51:16.214
♪ The young blood
started flowing ♪

00:51:16.214 --> 00:51:19.730
♪ But I aint marching anymore ♪

00:51:19.730 --> 00:51:24.730
- Originally, he supported
Johnson's position in 1965

00:51:25.590 --> 00:51:30.590
to send combat troops to
Vietnam, and for bombing.

00:51:32.190 --> 00:51:36.240
Very shortly after that,
he changed his mind.

00:51:36.240 --> 00:51:41.040
He did an aboutface and
said the human sacrifice,

00:51:41.040 --> 00:51:43.840
the environmental
sacrifice on Vietnam

00:51:44.760 --> 00:51:49.760
was just not worth it
and we should pull out.

00:51:50.400 --> 00:51:55.290
And he wrote entry after
entry in his journals

00:51:55.290 --> 00:52:00.290
about how stupid policymakers
were, why don't they get out.

00:52:02.910 --> 00:52:05.580
- Again, Udall was trapped.

00:52:05.580 --> 00:52:08.220
His brother Mo was one of
the first members of Congress

00:52:08.220 --> 00:52:10.473
to speak publicly
against the war.

00:52:11.967 --> 00:52:13.470
- I think he was very torn.

00:52:13.470 --> 00:52:17.790
"Should I make a one day
statement, get a one day headline,

00:52:17.790 --> 00:52:21.060
"or should I continue doing
the work and try to be

00:52:21.060 --> 00:52:25.410
"a very, very good conservation
Secretary of Interior?"

00:52:25.410 --> 00:52:26.940
- Everybody was so
against the war, you know,

00:52:26.940 --> 00:52:28.827
in our family and all of
our friends and things,

00:52:28.827 --> 00:52:30.153
and I just remember

00:52:31.290 --> 00:52:33.960
there being some very, very
stressful times, you know.

00:52:33.960 --> 00:52:37.140
- And right about the time of
My Lai, this slaughter over

00:52:37.140 --> 00:52:41.583
in Vietnam, my brother decided
to leave and go to Canada.

00:52:48.780 --> 00:52:51.510
- Jack Loeffler was
a family friend.

00:52:51.510 --> 00:52:54.120
He'd met the Udalls in 1967,

00:52:54.120 --> 00:52:56.640
when Lee asked him to work
on a project she developed

00:52:56.640 --> 00:52:59.783
for boarding school children
on the Navajo Nation.

00:52:59.783 --> 00:53:04.140
- I was hired by Lee
to become the curator

00:53:04.140 --> 00:53:07.650
of a traveling exhibition to
try to turn the Navajo kids

00:53:07.650 --> 00:53:09.750
on to their own culture,

00:53:09.750 --> 00:53:14.490
rather than listening to their
history through Anglo eyes

00:53:14.490 --> 00:53:17.130
or non-Indian eyes.

00:53:17.130 --> 00:53:20.580
So there were many times
when I found myself

00:53:20.580 --> 00:53:22.710
back in McLean, Virginia,

00:53:22.710 --> 00:53:26.733
talking with Lee and Stewart
and meeting all of the kids.

00:53:27.630 --> 00:53:30.210
- One day Udall son, Scott,

00:53:30.210 --> 00:53:32.733
paid a surprise visit
to Jack in New Mexico.

00:53:33.630 --> 00:53:36.750
- He said, "I have just
deserted from the Army

00:53:36.750 --> 00:53:39.000
"and you gotta get me
out of the country."

00:53:39.000 --> 00:53:43.380
But in the meantime, the phone
instantly rang, practically,

00:53:43.380 --> 00:53:46.110
and it was Stewart.
"Do you know where Scott is?"

00:53:46.110 --> 00:53:47.970
And I said, "I do, Stewart.

00:53:47.970 --> 00:53:51.510
"He's safe, but I'm not allowed
to tell you where he is."

00:53:51.510 --> 00:53:52.920
And he was sitting
right beside me.

00:53:52.920 --> 00:53:56.070
- And I think this is yet
another example of my father.

00:53:56.070 --> 00:53:57.480
He supported Scott,

00:53:57.480 --> 00:54:00.420
and you can imagine how
hard that would've been

00:54:00.420 --> 00:54:03.750
for someone of his
stature to have a son

00:54:03.750 --> 00:54:05.700
who not just only goes AWOL,

00:54:05.700 --> 00:54:08.613
but deserts and
lives in Canada.

00:54:10.350 --> 00:54:13.650
- Stewart shared his own anti-war
views in cabinet meetings

00:54:13.650 --> 00:54:15.870
and privately with
the President,

00:54:15.870 --> 00:54:18.000
but he knew that if
he spoke publicly

00:54:18.000 --> 00:54:19.740
Johnson would get rid of him.

00:54:19.740 --> 00:54:23.010
He discussed his dilemma
with Nicholas Katzenbach,

00:54:23.010 --> 00:54:26.100
another cabinet member
who shared his views.

00:54:26.100 --> 00:54:27.720
- Katzenbach outlined
for Stewart

00:54:27.720 --> 00:54:30.270
what he wanted accomplish
in civil rights.

00:54:30.270 --> 00:54:31.560
Stewart outlined to Katzenbach

00:54:31.560 --> 00:54:34.830
what he wanted to accomplish
in the environment,

00:54:34.830 --> 00:54:38.580
and they said, "Okay, if we
come out against the war,

00:54:38.580 --> 00:54:41.370
"we don't have a snowball's
chance in hell."

00:54:41.370 --> 00:54:46.353
- He stayed on because he
thought his job was so important

00:54:47.280 --> 00:54:52.280
that it was worth selling
out his civic courage,

00:54:52.380 --> 00:54:55.410
if you will,
for something grander,

00:54:55.410 --> 00:54:57.720
and that was beautifying America.

00:54:57.720 --> 00:55:01.470
And on the whole I
think he probably made

00:55:01.470 --> 00:55:04.470
the right decision,
because certainly Johnson

00:55:04.470 --> 00:55:05.654
would've fired him.

00:55:05.654 --> 00:55:07.214
(rapid gunfire)

00:55:07.214 --> 00:55:09.513
♪ Blow them from the forest ♪

00:55:09.513 --> 00:55:12.514
♪ And burn them from your side ♪

00:55:12.514 --> 00:55:15.133
♪ Tie their hands
behind their backs ♪

00:55:15.133 --> 00:55:18.870
♪ And question
through the night ♪

00:55:18.870 --> 00:55:21.450
- Stewart Udall's
last year at Interior

00:55:21.450 --> 00:55:24.838
was one of the most turbulent
in American history.

00:55:24.838 --> 00:55:29.005
♪ Red blow the
bugles of the dawn ♪

00:55:29.915 --> 00:55:33.240
- 1968 brought
a February shock.

00:55:33.240 --> 00:55:37.053
Vietnamese rebels seized
large sections of the country.

00:55:37.053 --> 00:55:39.927
♪ We're fighting
in a war we lost ♪

00:55:39.927 --> 00:55:42.467
♪ Before the war began ♪

00:55:42.467 --> 00:55:47.467
♪ We're the white boots
marching in a yellow land ♪

00:55:48.450 --> 00:55:50.190
- Two anti-war senators,

00:55:50.190 --> 00:55:52.620
Eugene McCarthy
and Bobby Kennedy,

00:55:52.620 --> 00:55:56.550
challenged President Johnson
for the Democratic nomination,

00:55:56.550 --> 00:55:59.430
and Johnson
delivered a surprise.

00:55:59.430 --> 00:56:04.210
- I shall not seek,
and I will not accept

00:56:05.490 --> 00:56:08.250
the nomination of my
party for another term

00:56:08.250 --> 00:56:09.240
as your President.

00:56:09.240 --> 00:56:13.890
- Johnson's decision left Udall
free to criticize the war.

00:56:13.890 --> 00:56:17.190
He did so in a book, outlining
how we might transform

00:56:17.190 --> 00:56:20.580
our cities, then suffering
from both racial injustice

00:56:20.580 --> 00:56:22.593
and our dependence
on the automobile.

00:56:23.520 --> 00:56:28.140
But almost immediately, two
murders rocked the country.

00:56:28.140 --> 00:56:30.330
Civil rights leader
Martin Luther King

00:56:30.330 --> 00:56:32.730
was assassinated in Memphis.

00:56:32.730 --> 00:56:35.520
Two months later, Udall's
friend and neighbor,

00:56:35.520 --> 00:56:39.003
Bobby Kennedy lay dying
in a Los Angeles hotel.

00:56:40.680 --> 00:56:42.960
- I remember our father
just going into

00:56:42.960 --> 00:56:46.110
kind of a pretty deep depression
for a while after that.

00:56:46.110 --> 00:56:49.980
- Stewart told me that the
killing of Bobby Kennedy

00:56:49.980 --> 00:56:52.560
just devastated him

00:56:52.560 --> 00:56:56.640
and he went hiking on
the C&O Canal by himself

00:56:56.640 --> 00:56:57.981
and contemplated it,

00:56:57.981 --> 00:57:02.981
and he decided, "I'm best
not to quit, to stay focused

00:57:04.050 --> 00:57:08.340
"on getting North Cascades
National Park Redwoods done,

00:57:08.340 --> 00:57:12.717
"that Bobby would've wanted
me to go forward with those."

00:57:12.717 --> 00:57:15.134
(slow music)

00:57:19.530 --> 00:57:21.960
- Three of the men
Udall admired most

00:57:21.960 --> 00:57:24.693
had been assassinated
within five years.

00:57:26.370 --> 00:57:30.780
Depressed and discouraged, he
would have one final hurrah.

00:57:30.780 --> 00:57:34.740
- President Johnson wanted
more conservation initiatives,

00:57:34.740 --> 00:57:36.390
he wanted to do more,

00:57:36.390 --> 00:57:41.390
and so LBJ's Director
of Domestic Affairs

00:57:41.700 --> 00:57:45.300
came to Stewart Udall and said,
"The President wants more.

00:57:45.300 --> 00:57:46.407
"What do you have?"

00:57:48.870 --> 00:57:52.470
- Udall offered an idea that
had been brewing for some time,

00:57:52.470 --> 00:57:55.200
protecting America's
wild rivers from dams

00:57:55.200 --> 00:57:56.580
and other development.

00:57:56.580 --> 00:57:57.840
- The Wild and Scenic Rivers bill

00:57:57.840 --> 00:58:00.690
passed the Senate unanimously

00:58:00.690 --> 00:58:04.743
and it passed the
House 265 to 7.

00:58:09.240 --> 00:58:12.960
- On October 2nd,
Johnson signed four bills

00:58:12.960 --> 00:58:16.530
that had been Udall priorities,
creating Redwoods

00:58:16.530 --> 00:58:19.290
and North Cascades
national parks,

00:58:19.290 --> 00:58:21.780
the National Scenic
Trail System,

00:58:21.780 --> 00:58:24.210
and the Wild and
Scenic Rivers System,

00:58:24.210 --> 00:58:28.320
which now protects 250
rivers from development.

00:58:28.320 --> 00:58:31.640
- Secretary Udall
was in his position

00:58:31.640 --> 00:58:35.190
at a very special time
in American history,

00:58:35.190 --> 00:58:38.700
when we went in a few
years from thinking,

00:58:38.700 --> 00:58:42.270
and from all the water
development people thinking,

00:58:42.270 --> 00:58:46.050
that dams should be built
everywhere, at almost any cost

00:58:46.050 --> 00:58:49.530
to thinking that the best of
our rivers should be protected,

00:58:49.530 --> 00:58:50.913
and it's okay to do that.

00:58:53.190 --> 00:58:56.460
- But finally came
disappointment.

00:58:56.460 --> 00:59:00.120
Johnson refused to set aside
8 million acres in Alaska

00:59:00.120 --> 00:59:03.778
that Udall wanted protected,
and only a month later

00:59:03.778 --> 00:59:05.760
Udall's close friend
Hubert Humphrey

00:59:05.760 --> 00:59:09.210
lost the presidential
election to Richard Nixon.

00:59:09.210 --> 00:59:13.800
- Everyone had to think about
what they might be doing next,

00:59:13.800 --> 00:59:18.800
and Stewart Udall's idea
of what he wanted to do

00:59:19.230 --> 00:59:23.620
was to help communities plan

00:59:25.080 --> 00:59:28.290
the way a community
really ought to be,

00:59:28.290 --> 00:59:33.290
pedestrian centered, not
automobile dominated.

00:59:36.120 --> 00:59:39.427
- Udall expressed doubt about
our belief in what he called

00:59:39.427 --> 00:59:43.767
"the myths of resource abundance
and scientific salvation."

00:59:44.610 --> 00:59:46.980
He saw technology as
a double-edged sword

00:59:46.980 --> 00:59:48.210
that brought conveniences,

00:59:48.210 --> 00:59:51.310
but with them
unintended consequences.

00:59:52.320 --> 00:59:55.387
And he questioned our
spending priorities.

00:59:55.387 --> 00:59:58.140
"If we didn't waste
our resources on war

00:59:58.140 --> 01:00:01.627
"and even efforts like the
conquest of space," he thought,

01:00:01.627 --> 01:00:03.810
"we might instead
conquer poverty

01:00:03.810 --> 01:00:05.517
"and protect our environment."

01:00:08.730 --> 01:00:11.010
He was not alone.

01:00:11.010 --> 01:00:14.250
Barely a year after the end
of his tenure at Interior,

01:00:14.250 --> 01:00:16.590
20 million Americans
filled our streets

01:00:16.590 --> 01:00:18.360
on the first Earth Day,

01:00:18.360 --> 01:00:21.300
demanding action
for the environment.

01:00:21.300 --> 01:00:22.740
They got it.

01:00:22.740 --> 01:00:25.380
Many of Udall's
proposals were eventually

01:00:25.380 --> 01:00:28.920
and ironically signed
into law by Nixon.

01:00:28.920 --> 01:00:31.170
- And I think he
will be remembered

01:00:31.170 --> 01:00:34.800
for giving impetus to something

01:00:34.800 --> 01:00:37.257
that's called "the
environmental movement."

01:00:40.379 --> 01:00:43.530
(gentle acoustic guitar music)

01:00:43.530 --> 01:00:45.840
- The Udalls stayed
in Washington, DC

01:00:45.840 --> 01:00:48.480
until their children
were adults.

01:00:48.480 --> 01:00:52.530
In 1976, Stew campaigned
hard for his brother Mo

01:00:52.530 --> 01:00:55.173
when the latter ran
unsuccessfully for President.

01:00:56.130 --> 01:01:00.060
Two years later, Stew and
Lee moved back to Arizona.

01:01:00.060 --> 01:01:02.823
As an attorney in Phoenix,
he found a new cause.

01:01:05.220 --> 01:01:08.280
(lively trumpet solo)

01:01:08.280 --> 01:01:10.980
- We were called
"The Atomic Band"

01:01:10.980 --> 01:01:12.873
because we played
for atomic bombs.

01:01:14.550 --> 01:01:19.550
- Back in 1957, as a young GI
and accomplished musician,

01:01:19.710 --> 01:01:23.160
Jack Loeffler was playing
"The Stars And Stripes Forever"

01:01:23.160 --> 01:01:26.127
just before dawn in
the Nevada desert.

01:01:26.127 --> 01:01:28.794
(trumpet fades)
(crackling explosion)

01:01:31.260 --> 01:01:35.250
- And all of a sudden the
sky became far brighter

01:01:35.250 --> 01:01:36.363
than the sun.

01:01:38.010 --> 01:01:40.470
You could almost
see through people,

01:01:40.470 --> 01:01:42.330
the light was that bright.

01:01:42.330 --> 01:01:45.240
I was literally
blown away by this.

01:01:45.240 --> 01:01:49.083
You just wonder why
would anybody do this?

01:01:51.840 --> 01:01:53.970
- Some of the
radioactive particles

01:01:53.970 --> 01:01:55.983
spill out near the
explosion site.

01:01:57.870 --> 01:02:02.640
Others may be carried for 10,
50, 100 miles or more.

01:02:02.640 --> 01:02:06.300
- Fall out from multiple
atmospheric nuclear explosions

01:02:06.300 --> 01:02:09.360
fell on unsuspecting Americans.

01:02:09.360 --> 01:02:12.783
Years later, a wave of cancer
swept their communities.

01:02:14.010 --> 01:02:17.580
- I remember there were
government people

01:02:17.580 --> 01:02:21.540
coming out in their
vehicles, informing people

01:02:21.540 --> 01:02:24.630
that there will be something
falling out of the sky

01:02:24.630 --> 01:02:27.677
that is dangerous,
don't touch it, don't go near it,

01:02:27.677 --> 01:02:29.553
and so we had no
idea what it was.

01:02:30.420 --> 01:02:34.500
- Udall took up the cases of
two groups of cancer victims.

01:02:34.500 --> 01:02:37.650
Those who were exposed to
fallout from atomic testing,

01:02:37.650 --> 01:02:41.193
and uranium miners who dug the
material to make the bombs.

01:02:42.900 --> 01:02:46.140
Mary Dixon and many of her
neighbors in Salt Lake City

01:02:46.140 --> 01:02:47.940
were among the victims.

01:02:47.940 --> 01:02:49.710
They were called "downwinders"

01:02:49.710 --> 01:02:52.323
because the winds blew
the fallout their way.

01:02:53.280 --> 01:02:55.680
- Stewart Udall was
someone who early on

01:02:55.680 --> 01:02:57.903
took on the cause
of downwinders.

01:03:00.630 --> 01:03:04.860
- This was something that he
felt really passionate about.

01:03:04.860 --> 01:03:09.570
He thought there had been huge
injustice to the downwinders

01:03:09.570 --> 01:03:12.360
who were sprinkled
with radiation

01:03:12.360 --> 01:03:14.607
and it just really,
really bothered him,

01:03:14.607 --> 01:03:17.370
and the same thing was
true of the uranium miners.

01:03:17.370 --> 01:03:18.510
- They were expendable,

01:03:18.510 --> 01:03:21.180
we were all expendable, and
that's the thing that I think

01:03:21.180 --> 01:03:24.630
kills me the most, is that
our government viewed us all

01:03:24.630 --> 01:03:26.310
as expendable.

01:03:26.310 --> 01:03:29.460
We were sacrificed to
national security.

01:03:29.460 --> 01:03:32.760
- I'm from Laguna Pueblo,
and we were home

01:03:32.760 --> 01:03:35.700
to the largest open pit
uranium mine in the world

01:03:35.700 --> 01:03:37.530
for 30 years,

01:03:37.530 --> 01:03:40.560
and when the company
decided to close up shop

01:03:40.560 --> 01:03:44.250
they just left this
open sore in the ground

01:03:44.250 --> 01:03:47.670
with uranium blowing
around for years until,

01:03:47.670 --> 01:03:49.620
until the US
government stepped in

01:03:49.620 --> 01:03:52.197
and said, "This has
to be reclaimed."

01:03:53.490 --> 01:03:57.480
- As a little child, I
just had a lot of questions

01:03:57.480 --> 01:04:00.960
about why my family
didn't have electricity

01:04:00.960 --> 01:04:03.840
or running water,
yet all around us

01:04:03.840 --> 01:04:06.840
our land was being
taken for mining.

01:04:06.840 --> 01:04:08.400
- Some were coal mines,

01:04:08.400 --> 01:04:11.807
but many produced uranium
and with it, cancer.

01:04:15.501 --> 01:04:17.294
- A lot of my relatives
died of cancer,

01:04:17.294 --> 01:04:21.090
and a lot of them that were
involved with uranium mining,

01:04:21.090 --> 01:04:23.040
and the mines are
still out there.

01:04:23.040 --> 01:04:25.617
There's one up there, there's
a couple more back there,

01:04:25.617 --> 01:04:30.240
and there's some more just
west of us and more south of us

01:04:30.240 --> 01:04:31.803
and north of us as well.

01:04:31.803 --> 01:04:33.630
It's all around us.

01:04:33.630 --> 01:04:36.810
- I first learned
about Stewart Udall

01:04:36.810 --> 01:04:40.980
or the name Udall when
I was a young child

01:04:40.980 --> 01:04:42.810
on the Navajo Nation,

01:04:42.810 --> 01:04:47.610
mainly through my community
and hearing about the elders

01:04:47.610 --> 01:04:52.170
go to these various events
in the state capital

01:04:52.170 --> 01:04:55.053
to advocate for compensation.

01:04:57.180 --> 01:04:59.130
- Udall enlisted his
sons and daughters

01:04:59.130 --> 01:05:00.990
to help out with the cases.

01:05:00.990 --> 01:05:05.310
- My father would call
on everyone to help out.

01:05:05.310 --> 01:05:08.820
He didn't care if I was
off working someplace.

01:05:08.820 --> 01:05:12.750
And he'd say, "Well, at night
you can help out with this."

01:05:12.750 --> 01:05:15.690
We'd work after hours
doing things like that.

01:05:15.690 --> 01:05:18.960
My brothers and sisters were
sent to be researchers

01:05:18.960 --> 01:05:20.940
out on the Navajo Nation.

01:05:20.940 --> 01:05:24.420
- Stewart himself put thousands
of hours into the work.

01:05:24.420 --> 01:05:26.310
Yet court after court refused

01:05:26.310 --> 01:05:29.103
to hold the government
responsible for the cancers.

01:05:31.080 --> 01:05:33.390
- He spent a decade
of his life on it.

01:05:33.390 --> 01:05:34.830
He didn't make a dime.

01:05:34.830 --> 01:05:38.910
- For Udall, it was a long,
dark night of the soul.

01:05:38.910 --> 01:05:40.920
He didn't know what
to tell the people

01:05:40.920 --> 01:05:42.900
who had depended on him.

01:05:42.900 --> 01:05:46.560
Disillusioned, he lost faith
in the American government.

01:05:46.560 --> 01:05:48.090
- But he didn't quit.

01:05:48.090 --> 01:05:51.060
That was another lesson
I learned from my father,

01:05:51.060 --> 01:05:52.560
is perseverance.

01:05:52.560 --> 01:05:56.040
He just really believed if you
thought something was wrong,

01:05:56.040 --> 01:05:57.540
go fight for it.

01:05:57.540 --> 01:06:01.050
And so he turned right around
and went to the Congress

01:06:01.050 --> 01:06:04.380
because those court
cases actually said,

01:06:04.380 --> 01:06:08.010
"There is huge injustice here,

01:06:08.010 --> 01:06:10.770
"this just isn't the
right forum," the courts.

01:06:10.770 --> 01:06:13.020
"Congress should deal with this."

01:06:13.020 --> 01:06:16.650
- Long after many of the miners
and downwinders had died,

01:06:16.650 --> 01:06:20.040
Congress provided a measure
of redress for their families

01:06:20.040 --> 01:06:22.563
and Udall received a small
payment for his work.

01:06:24.720 --> 01:06:26.550
Jack Loeffler was lucky.

01:06:26.550 --> 01:06:29.070
Despite his exposure
to the bomb tests,

01:06:29.070 --> 01:06:31.230
he wasn't one of the victims.

01:06:31.230 --> 01:06:34.053
- Stewart Udall told me
that if I died of cancer,

01:06:35.100 --> 01:06:38.753
Cath, my wife,
would get $75,000.

01:06:41.242 --> 01:06:45.178
- By 1989, weary of traffic
and pollution in Phoenix,

01:06:45.180 --> 01:06:47.550
Stewart was slowing down.

01:06:47.550 --> 01:06:48.383
He and Lee moved

01:06:48.383 --> 01:06:51.360
to Santa Fe to be
close to son Tom,

01:06:51.360 --> 01:06:53.820
daughter Lynn and her children.

01:06:53.820 --> 01:06:55.500
- The only grandchildren
that they had at the time

01:06:55.500 --> 01:06:57.450
were all here, my three kids,

01:06:57.450 --> 01:06:58.890
and I think they
wanted to be here

01:06:58.890 --> 01:07:02.190
watching them grow up and
be a part of their life.

01:07:02.190 --> 01:07:05.250
- Stewart wanted to devote
himself to writing,

01:07:05.250 --> 01:07:07.350
allowing Lee to pursue
her own interest

01:07:07.350 --> 01:07:09.783
in American Indian
art and culture.

01:07:10.650 --> 01:07:14.850
- She was an unbelievable
asset to him,

01:07:14.850 --> 01:07:19.110
and she came out,
really set her own path

01:07:19.110 --> 01:07:24.110
as a leader nationally in
historic Native American culture.

01:07:28.410 --> 01:07:30.840
- At the time,
Stewart grew troubled

01:07:30.840 --> 01:07:32.070
by the polarization

01:07:32.070 --> 01:07:35.040
that had come to dominate
American politics.

01:07:35.040 --> 01:07:37.290
- Democrats and Republicans
used to get together,

01:07:37.290 --> 01:07:38.490
their families
would get together

01:07:38.490 --> 01:07:40.770
and have dinner parties
together, you know?

01:07:40.770 --> 01:07:42.780
But now that none of that
stuff happens anymore.

01:07:42.780 --> 01:07:45.270
It's just slowly
been so divided.

01:07:45.270 --> 01:07:48.600
- Udall remembered fondly his
days in Congress and Interior

01:07:48.600 --> 01:07:51.150
when many of his friends
were Republicans.

01:07:51.150 --> 01:07:53.940
- He couldn't have done
all these national parks

01:07:53.940 --> 01:07:57.120
out in the West without
working with Democrat

01:07:57.120 --> 01:07:58.740
and Republican senators.

01:07:58.740 --> 01:08:01.912
- When I was elected to
the United States Senate,

01:08:01.912 --> 01:08:05.677
Stewart called, he
reached out and he said,

01:08:05.677 --> 01:08:09.180
"In the old days, the
environment wasn't divided

01:08:09.180 --> 01:08:10.890
between Republicans
and Democrats.

01:08:10.890 --> 01:08:12.717
It was a bipartisan issue."

01:08:13.590 --> 01:08:15.420
- One day several years ago,

01:08:15.420 --> 01:08:19.083
the late Senator John McCain
came to St. Johns.

01:08:20.010 --> 01:08:21.600
- He said, "You're a Udall."

01:08:21.600 --> 01:08:22.980
And I said, "Yes, sir."

01:08:22.980 --> 01:08:26.130
He says, "I gotta
tell you something."

01:08:26.130 --> 01:08:29.880
He says, "You know, I worked
with Mo and Stewart Udall."

01:08:29.880 --> 01:08:32.610
And he said, "I never
would've made it without them.

01:08:32.610 --> 01:08:36.120
"They took me under their
wings, and it didn't matter

01:08:36.120 --> 01:08:39.057
"that I was a Republican
and they were Democrats."

01:08:42.270 --> 01:08:44.883
- Soon after Stew and
Lee moved to Santa Fe,

01:08:45.930 --> 01:08:48.363
his brother Mo took
a terrible fall.

01:08:49.500 --> 01:08:52.590
Rendered unable to walk or talk,

01:08:52.590 --> 01:08:55.173
he spent his last seven
years in a hospital room.

01:08:57.213 --> 01:09:01.560
- Whenever he was in
Washington, DC once a week,

01:09:01.560 --> 01:09:04.380
John McCain would go
read to him for an hour

01:09:04.380 --> 01:09:06.240
about some of the
things going on,

01:09:06.240 --> 01:09:09.810
or some things that they
had shared about Arizona,

01:09:09.810 --> 01:09:12.250
and be very serious
reading to him

01:09:13.140 --> 01:09:16.563
in a very expressive voice.

01:09:19.770 --> 01:09:22.500
- After Mo died in 1998,

01:09:22.500 --> 01:09:25.800
a deep sadness and recognition
of life's fleeting nature

01:09:25.800 --> 01:09:28.023
was often part of
Stew's thoughts.

01:09:29.100 --> 01:09:31.700
Still, he worked steadily.

01:09:31.700 --> 01:09:36.450
In all, Udall wrote nine books
and countless articles.

01:09:36.450 --> 01:09:40.470
While in Santa Fe, he grew
more focused on history.

01:09:40.470 --> 01:09:43.170
His book "The Myths of August"

01:09:43.170 --> 01:09:45.870
lamented the secret
change in American policy

01:09:45.870 --> 01:09:48.810
that led to acceptance of
massive bombings of civilians

01:09:48.810 --> 01:09:52.173
in Tokyo, Hiroshima
and Nagasaki.

01:09:56.760 --> 01:10:00.030
Udall also challenged the
popular myth of the West

01:10:00.030 --> 01:10:03.000
as a place of gun
fighters and violence.

01:10:03.000 --> 01:10:06.300
It's real history, he argued,
was made by people

01:10:06.300 --> 01:10:09.510
who built communities
and tilled the soil:

01:10:09.510 --> 01:10:11.940
Pueblo Indians and other tribes,

01:10:11.940 --> 01:10:15.483
Catholic and Protestant
missionaries, Mormon farmers.

01:10:16.320 --> 01:10:19.380
There was a violent
West, he argued,

01:10:19.380 --> 01:10:22.380
but it was primarily characterized
by the Army's slaughter

01:10:22.380 --> 01:10:26.820
of Native Americans, not
shootouts at the O.K. Corral.

01:10:26.820 --> 01:10:29.310
- He thought that
the romanticizing

01:10:29.310 --> 01:10:33.300
and the mythologizing had
really drained the full humanity

01:10:33.300 --> 01:10:36.723
from the settlers, pioneers,
and from Indian people.

01:10:37.920 --> 01:10:40.505
- He was a huge
student of history,

01:10:40.505 --> 01:10:44.040
and he would read as much
history as he possibly could.

01:10:44.040 --> 01:10:47.400
He would chide me because
I love to read fiction,

01:10:47.400 --> 01:10:50.490
and he said, "Why are you
wasting your time on fiction?"

01:10:50.490 --> 01:10:52.839
And I said, "Why are you
wasting your time on history?"

01:10:52.839 --> 01:10:55.339
(Jack laughs)

01:10:58.530 --> 01:11:02.370
- Eventually Stew would try
writing fiction of his own,

01:11:02.370 --> 01:11:06.633
but that was after his wife
Lee died from cancer in 2001.

01:11:08.580 --> 01:11:10.380
- She was the rock of our family.

01:11:10.380 --> 01:11:12.330
She didn't really live
in our dad's shadow.

01:11:12.330 --> 01:11:15.690
You know, she had her own legacy
that she built for herself.

01:11:15.690 --> 01:11:17.943
I think she added a
lot to his career.

01:11:19.050 --> 01:11:24.050
- After Lee passed away, a huge
light went out for Stewart.

01:11:24.330 --> 01:11:28.050
- Living alone, his
eyesight slipping away,

01:11:28.050 --> 01:11:30.570
Udall needed a caretaker.

01:11:30.570 --> 01:11:33.600
His grandson, Bryce, though
still in high school,

01:11:33.600 --> 01:11:35.700
lived with and assisted him.

01:11:35.700 --> 01:11:39.303
- He was very serious, and
every single day there was,

01:11:40.860 --> 01:11:42.540
you know, he'd be
working on something.

01:11:42.540 --> 01:11:44.820
He spent a lot of
time in his study.

01:11:44.820 --> 01:11:48.720
- Even at family gatherings,
Stewart found it hard to relax.

01:11:48.720 --> 01:11:51.900
- My grandfather would be
sitting in his own thoughts,

01:11:51.900 --> 01:11:54.900
not really engaging, and
then he would just sort of

01:11:54.900 --> 01:11:58.350
announce that he had a question,
and the question would be,

01:11:58.350 --> 01:12:01.320
for example, one time,
"Why is Afghanistan

01:12:01.320 --> 01:12:03.327
"a threat to the United States?"

01:12:04.170 --> 01:12:06.330
And then, I mean, who's prepared
to answer that, you know?

01:12:06.330 --> 01:12:09.120
And then we'd be
talking about, you know,

01:12:09.120 --> 01:12:10.623
last Christmas or something.

01:12:12.990 --> 01:12:16.440
- After Lee's death, the
usually stoic Stewart

01:12:16.440 --> 01:12:18.573
grew more open
about his emotions.

01:12:20.790 --> 01:12:22.980
- So he was a really
deeply feeling person,

01:12:22.980 --> 01:12:26.550
but it was hard for
him to be vulnerable.

01:12:26.550 --> 01:12:28.027
I remember once I said,

01:12:28.027 --> 01:12:31.110
"You know, it's a good
thing when you can have

01:12:31.110 --> 01:12:35.790
your own father be one
of your great heroes."

01:12:35.790 --> 01:12:38.790
And I went up and kissed him
on the cheek, and he was crying.

01:12:40.260 --> 01:12:42.120
- In Stewart's final days,

01:12:42.120 --> 01:12:44.493
Jack Loeffler was his
frequent companion.

01:12:47.130 --> 01:12:49.560
- We could sit
outside and face west

01:12:49.560 --> 01:12:51.490
toward the Jemez Mountains,

01:12:52.500 --> 01:12:55.443
and we would drink a glass
of wine and just talk.

01:12:56.460 --> 01:13:00.187
But one day, or one evening,
he looked at me and he said,

01:13:00.187 --> 01:13:05.097
"You know, Jack, we must never
forget the great mystery."

01:13:07.560 --> 01:13:11.880
The phone rang three days,
I think, before he died,

01:13:11.880 --> 01:13:12.847
and his caregiver said,

01:13:12.847 --> 01:13:16.863
"Stewart wants you to
come by if you can."

01:13:17.760 --> 01:13:21.360
And I went up to the house
and there was Stewart in bed

01:13:21.360 --> 01:13:26.360
on his way out, and we
looked at each other,

01:13:26.370 --> 01:13:31.370
and we had talked about
death a lot over many years,

01:13:32.748 --> 01:13:39.748
and he said, "Well, here
it is, I'm about to die."

01:13:41.670 --> 01:13:45.990
- Stewart Udall died
on March 20th, 2010

01:13:45.990 --> 01:13:50.043
at the age of 90, with his
entire family at his bedside.

01:13:50.970 --> 01:13:52.800
A few years earlier,

01:13:52.800 --> 01:13:55.563
he wrote a letter to all
of his grandchildren.

01:13:57.968 --> 01:14:02.220
- "Go, well, do well,
my children.

01:14:02.220 --> 01:14:07.220
"Cherish sunsets, wild
creations and wild places.

01:14:08.610 --> 01:14:12.177
"Have a love affair with the
wonder and beauty of the earth."

01:14:17.820 --> 01:14:20.580
- When John Kennedy asked
Americans to consider

01:14:20.580 --> 01:14:22.320
what they could do
for their country,

01:14:22.320 --> 01:14:24.360
Stewart Udall responded,

01:14:24.360 --> 01:14:27.308
and he never stopped
asking that question.

01:14:27.308 --> 01:14:29.641
(gentle piano music)

01:14:35.880 --> 01:14:37.770
- I think the legacy
of Stewart Udall

01:14:37.770 --> 01:14:40.728
will be that he is
going to be regarded

01:14:40.728 --> 01:14:45.180
as one of the premier
environmentalists

01:14:45.180 --> 01:14:50.070
of the 20th century, ranking with
Rachel Carson, David Brower,

01:14:50.070 --> 01:14:53.253
Theodore Roosevelt
and Franklin Roosevelt.

01:14:54.090 --> 01:14:56.490
- If we didn't have that
one Environmentalist

01:14:56.490 --> 01:15:00.780
named Stewart Udall, things
would've been very different.

01:15:00.780 --> 01:15:04.170
So we need to honor
him in history

01:15:04.170 --> 01:15:07.197
and we're only now still
catching up with some of

01:15:07.197 --> 01:15:10.833
his vision and
wisdom and insight.

01:15:11.972 --> 01:15:14.130
- I've thought for a long time

01:15:14.130 --> 01:15:18.540
that he was the Henry David
Thoreau of this generation.

01:15:18.540 --> 01:15:21.328
- His humanity and
humility, I think

01:15:21.328 --> 01:15:26.328
will be the two characteristics
that will stand his

01:15:27.360 --> 01:15:32.220
legacy well into the
21st, 22nd centuries.

01:15:32.220 --> 01:15:36.150
- I feel like the politics
of beauty is still there

01:15:36.150 --> 01:15:38.550
and it's up to us
to keep it alive.

01:15:38.550 --> 01:15:42.300
We have to make sure that
we are giving children

01:15:42.300 --> 01:15:46.260
opportunities to surround
themselves with that beauty,

01:15:46.260 --> 01:15:50.040
outdoors, so they grow up to
realize that it's up to them

01:15:50.040 --> 01:15:52.143
to protect these spaces.

01:15:54.120 --> 01:15:57.450
- Today we face even
far greater problems

01:15:57.450 --> 01:16:02.450
such as global warming, and
it's very easy to feel despair,

01:16:03.210 --> 01:16:05.730
if not cynicism,
about the problems

01:16:05.730 --> 01:16:07.983
and about everything
we need to do.

01:16:08.910 --> 01:16:13.060
But he was able to do great
things, and in knowing that

01:16:13.950 --> 01:16:18.120
it can give us hope that
we too can make the changes

01:16:18.120 --> 01:16:19.860
that we need to make.

01:16:30.353 --> 01:16:32.770
(gentle instumental music)

01:17:04.641 --> 01:17:07.224
(music continues)