Labor Wars of the Northwest

Description
Reviews
Citation
Cataloging
Transcript

By the 1880s, with railroad transportation in place, the era of settlement in the Pacific Northwest gave way to industrialization. Jobs accelerated with the power of a locomotive as tens of thousands of unskilled workers came seeking a living wage in the forests, mines and shipyards. Instead they found themselves embroiled in a conflict with capital. On one side were owners striving to compete in national and global markets. On the other were men and women living vulnerable and oftentimes dangerous working lives, marked by low pay, long hours and inhumane conditions. But the labor wars of the early twentieth century stretched beyond a struggle between capital and labor. At stake was a region trying to come to grips with itself.

Labor Wars of the Northwest chronicles the cauldron of discontent, radicalism and violence that permeated the region in the early decades of the twentieth century. Following the arrival of the railroads in the 1880s, tens of thousands of workers migrated to the Northwest for jobs in logging, mining and fishing. But instead of steady work, they found poverty-level wages, crushing hours and dreadful conditions. By examining this conflict in the context of a decades-long struggle, Labor Wars of the Northwest shines new light on tragedies like the Everett Massacre (1916), the Seattle General Strike (1919) and the Centralia Massacre (1919).

Citation

Select a citation style:

Main credits

Jepsen, David (film director)
Jepsen, David (screenwriter)
Seamons, Joe (narrator)

Other credits

Cinematography, Tom Speer; editing, Tup Wright; music, Joe Seamons.

MARC Record See Worldcat record

Keywords

Unions,Labor,Workers,Rights,workers rights,industrialization,laborers,labor history,labor studies,Pacific Northwest,loggin,mining,fishing,railroad,Everett Massacre,Seattle General Strike,Centralia Massacre,United States; "Labor Wars of the Northwest"; Collective Eye Films

00:00:02.340 --> 00:00:05.520
We shall not, shall not be moved,

00:00:06.540 --> 00:00:11.220
we shall not. We shall not
be moved just like a tree,

00:00:11.550 --> 00:00:13.240
standing by the water.

00:00:15.020 --> 00:00:16.680
We shall not be.

00:00:18.780 --> 00:00:19.140
The.

00:00:19.140 --> 00:00:22.320
Union is behind us. We shall not be moved.

00:00:23.260 --> 00:00:28.200
The union is behind us. We shall
not be moved just like a tree,

00:00:28.650 --> 00:00:30.240
standing by the water.

00:00:31.950 --> 00:00:34.140
We shall not be.

00:00:36.240 --> 00:00:37.440
We're fighting for our freedom.

00:00:38.020 --> 00:00:42.000
We shall not be moved
fighting for our freedom.

00:00:42.700 --> 00:00:47.480
We shall not be moved a
tree standing by the water.

00:00:49.380 --> 00:00:51.040
We shall not be.

00:00:55.220 --> 00:00:59.160
We shall not union.

00:00:59.900 --> 00:01:04.080
We shall tree by the

00:01:06.500 --> 00:01:11.080
we, shall we,

00:01:11.570 --> 00:01:12.960
shall we shall

00:01:14.540 --> 00:01:17.200
we shall not. We shall.

00:01:34.800 --> 00:01:39.660
On September 8th, 1883 at Gold
Creek in Montana territory,

00:01:40.110 --> 00:01:42.450
a crowd of foreign
dignitaries and politicians,

00:01:42.750 --> 00:01:47.220
including former president Ulysses S.
Grant, watched his railroad magnet.

00:01:47.250 --> 00:01:51.360
Henry Villard pounded the last spike
in the Northern Pacific Railroad line

00:01:51.360 --> 00:01:54.270
connecting St. Paul,
Minnesota with Puget Sound.

00:01:55.590 --> 00:01:58.560
The industrial revolution had
arrived in the Pacific Northwest,

00:01:59.100 --> 00:02:02.970
igniting the region's economy and
creating an untold number of jobs.

00:02:03.630 --> 00:02:06.060
Workers poured into the
region by the thousands,

00:02:06.330 --> 00:02:11.130
but instead of the security of a steady
job, workers found poverty level wages,

00:02:11.400 --> 00:02:13.830
crushing hours and dreadful conditions.

00:02:15.630 --> 00:02:18.690
So they protested, picketed and struck.

00:02:19.800 --> 00:02:23.310
They sang in the streets
troubadours with a cause,

00:02:24.000 --> 00:02:28.290
and they bled struck down
in cities like Spokane,

00:02:28.295 --> 00:02:32.610
Everett and Cilia. And
at the battle's peak,

00:02:32.910 --> 00:02:36.690
they shut down a city, 65,000 workers,

00:02:37.200 --> 00:02:40.590
men and women standing together united.

00:02:41.820 --> 00:02:44.550
It was intended as a blow
against exploitation,

00:02:45.300 --> 00:02:49.560
a fight for dignity and pay
equity, a precursor to revolution.

00:02:50.490 --> 00:02:55.080
It was the Seattle general
strike for six days.

00:02:55.080 --> 00:02:59.620
In February, 1919, Seattle
was closed for business.

00:03:00.280 --> 00:03:04.570
Virtually all businesses and all but the
most essential city services shut down

00:03:05.800 --> 00:03:06.633
America.

00:03:06.730 --> 00:03:11.470
And much of the world watched as workers
struck for a living wage for reasonable

00:03:11.475 --> 00:03:13.480
hours and for the right to organize.

00:03:14.200 --> 00:03:18.220
The working class stood up to capitalists
and government forces and walked off

00:03:18.220 --> 00:03:23.200
the job. This is their story,
the labor wars of the northwest.

00:03:28.300 --> 00:03:31.930
This was a time where not just in
Seattle, but across the United States,

00:03:31.930 --> 00:03:32.625
and for that matter,

00:03:32.625 --> 00:03:36.760
it's the western world of vibrant
economic change and growth.

00:03:36.790 --> 00:03:41.260
The Pacific Northwest was
rapidly expanding in the 1890s,

00:03:41.260 --> 00:03:42.760
19 hundreds, 1910s.

00:03:43.330 --> 00:03:47.590
But we don't see the large industries
like you see in Chicago or New York.

00:03:47.890 --> 00:03:52.720
There's not huge factories where women
would be working By the thousands.

00:03:52.900 --> 00:03:57.460
The Yukon and Klondike Gold strikes
propelled Seattle to new economic heights.

00:03:58.030 --> 00:04:00.430
Between 1,919 10,

00:04:00.850 --> 00:04:04.810
its population tripled to over 237,000.

00:04:04.960 --> 00:04:07.900
Bypassing Portland. As
the region's largest city,

00:04:09.100 --> 00:04:11.680
city leaders embarked
on civic improvements,

00:04:12.130 --> 00:04:15.760
beginning with the massive regrade
of downtown to expand the commercial

00:04:15.760 --> 00:04:17.770
district. In 1909,

00:04:18.100 --> 00:04:23.080
they hosted the Alaska Yukon Pacific
Exposition. Seattle's first World's Fair,

00:04:23.740 --> 00:04:27.760
permanently linking its fate
with Alaska. Five years later,

00:04:28.210 --> 00:04:32.950
the 42 story Smith Tower opened making
Seattle the home of America's tallest

00:04:32.950 --> 00:04:34.420
building outside of New York City.

00:04:35.140 --> 00:04:39.970
Its grandeur symbolized
Seattle's emergence as a
vital metropolis and permanent

00:04:39.975 --> 00:04:41.260
force in global trade.

00:04:42.250 --> 00:04:44.950
But much of the success came on
the backs of the working poor.

00:04:45.700 --> 00:04:50.620
As more and more workers are
going from farms are going from

00:04:50.620 --> 00:04:53.590
being independent
craftsmen into the factory,

00:04:53.590 --> 00:04:58.420
they start using the term wage
slavery because it has some cultural

00:04:58.420 --> 00:04:59.253
currency.

00:04:59.260 --> 00:05:04.150
Workers coming and settling in
Washington state and Seattle often

00:05:04.150 --> 00:05:08.290
had high hopes they were going to find
great jobs and wages were higher in the

00:05:08.290 --> 00:05:11.140
West than they were elsewhere. That's
one of the big reasons for coming.

00:05:11.500 --> 00:05:13.240
But then prices could be higher too.

00:05:13.510 --> 00:05:18.220
So there was often a disappointment over
what the working conditions and wages

00:05:18.225 --> 00:05:18.820
were.

00:05:18.820 --> 00:05:23.470
Well, part of the problem is that the
cycles of good times and bad times

00:05:24.040 --> 00:05:27.070
were hellaciously close together
in the Pacific Northwest.

00:05:40.310 --> 00:05:43.180
Nowhere were the inequities
of the wage earners,

00:05:43.180 --> 00:05:45.220
plight more apparent than in logging.

00:05:46.210 --> 00:05:49.960
Workers were pawns in a boomer
bust, go for broke world,

00:05:50.590 --> 00:05:52.660
hired when needed and fired when not,

00:05:53.110 --> 00:05:55.240
they were taken off the
board without apology.

00:05:56.110 --> 00:05:59.090
Logging camps were by young single men,

00:05:59.240 --> 00:06:02.000
mostly European immigrants
drifting from camp to camp.

00:06:02.870 --> 00:06:06.440
One logger wrote to his
wife that the grub is fair,

00:06:06.770 --> 00:06:09.260
but the bunkhouses are
packed like sardines,

00:06:10.430 --> 00:06:12.050
uneducated and undervalued.

00:06:12.440 --> 00:06:16.430
They worked 12 to 14 hour days
for as little as 20 cents an hour.

00:06:17.300 --> 00:06:18.830
And danger was everywhere.

00:06:20.090 --> 00:06:24.710
I think serious studies have said that
working in the logging camps in the early

00:06:24.710 --> 00:06:29.420
days of the Pacific Northwest settlement

00:06:29.420 --> 00:06:34.220
and industrialization was as dangerous
as being in the front lines of a war.

00:06:35.150 --> 00:06:39.740
When thinking about a guy who was going
to spend his life in the woods working,

00:06:39.890 --> 00:06:40.723
I think

00:06:42.210 --> 00:06:45.140
there was an understanding that there
was a certain amount of danger that each

00:06:45.500 --> 00:06:48.830
individual would face on a daily
basis. And I think they saw it in

00:06:50.420 --> 00:06:54.230
what would happen to their
coworkers each day or each week,

00:06:54.230 --> 00:06:57.710
each month there was bound to be
at least one injury, one death,

00:06:57.710 --> 00:07:01.880
one dismemberment, one, some
sort of skull crushing injury.

00:07:02.390 --> 00:07:05.600
And that is maybe a
bit of an exaggeration,

00:07:05.605 --> 00:07:09.170
but if you looked at the
broad picture, not so much.

00:07:09.230 --> 00:07:13.130
It was a horribly dangerous
way to make a living.

00:07:13.130 --> 00:07:15.980
And what you had was
an influx of humanity.

00:07:16.190 --> 00:07:21.110
Immigration patterns meant
that there was a vast supply of

00:07:21.110 --> 00:07:25.340
individuals in many cases who
didn't even speak English,

00:07:25.400 --> 00:07:26.960
who could find their ways into the woods.

00:07:27.380 --> 00:07:32.090
And if they were strong and lucky
could make a living doing that.

00:07:32.210 --> 00:07:36.980
Talk about fallers for starters. So a guy
who's employed as a faller, first off,

00:07:36.980 --> 00:07:40.010
he's expected to basically
produce two logs a day.

00:07:40.040 --> 00:07:41.600
And we're talking pretty big stuff here.

00:07:41.605 --> 00:07:46.460
Old growth logs that would be in the
neighborhood of four feet at the small end

00:07:46.460 --> 00:07:48.770
to eight feet, 10 feet in diameter,

00:07:49.400 --> 00:07:53.810
and bringing those things down required.
A, they had to get up on springboards,

00:07:53.815 --> 00:07:56.690
they had to put a notch in the side of
that tree, get a springboard attached,

00:07:56.690 --> 00:08:00.620
and then stay elevated while they're
using their ax to put in an undercut,

00:08:01.040 --> 00:08:03.110
work their way around to
the backside of the tree,

00:08:03.110 --> 00:08:06.140
take a back cut and then
get that tree on the ground.

00:08:06.140 --> 00:08:11.120
So you're working under a
tree that's 400, 500, 600

00:08:11.120 --> 00:08:15.230
years old, and they have what the
loggers referred to as widow makers.

00:08:15.230 --> 00:08:19.560
Those are your dead limbs that are kind
of hanging above you. And a widowmaker,

00:08:20.180 --> 00:08:24.950
a limb of old growth. Tree
size is in its own right.

00:08:25.100 --> 00:08:29.960
A hundreds of pounds per
limb had that fallen.

00:08:30.290 --> 00:08:31.220
If you crush a guy,

00:08:32.480 --> 00:08:37.430
a crew of guys who are employed as boom
men who work out on the mill pond area.

00:08:37.430 --> 00:08:41.150
So this is the area right in front of
a sawmill where you've got your chute

00:08:41.150 --> 00:08:42.890
that's bringing logs up into the head rig.

00:08:43.130 --> 00:08:47.420
Those guys worked with no
life jackets in tidal water,

00:08:47.900 --> 00:08:52.850
standing on rotating logs that had
a tendency to want to spin you off

00:08:52.855 --> 00:08:56.910
into the water and their was
their best friend certainly.

00:08:57.360 --> 00:09:02.010
But their ability to get those logs
moving in the right direction so that they

00:09:02.010 --> 00:09:06.720
could keep production up was of course
the demand put upon them by their job.

00:09:07.320 --> 00:09:10.650
But the danger of drowning was a
very real thing for those guys.

00:09:11.940 --> 00:09:16.500
So bringing a log into a mill was again,
came from the mill pond. Up a chute,

00:09:16.800 --> 00:09:20.040
you've got a conveyor chain that's
dragging those logs up into the head rig

00:09:20.040 --> 00:09:22.590
area. You've got a carriage,

00:09:22.620 --> 00:09:27.090
which there's a man who
rides that carriage back and
forth where you're taking

00:09:27.095 --> 00:09:29.580
slab cuts off the log with bandsaws.

00:09:30.420 --> 00:09:33.540
There was danger at every
point of that process.

00:09:33.540 --> 00:09:38.250
There were no safety guards
that kept flying debris away

00:09:38.250 --> 00:09:42.960
from workers. There was no real good way,

00:09:43.020 --> 00:09:46.770
or at least there hadn't been
a way developed to protect
workers physically from

00:09:47.220 --> 00:09:48.053
that machinery.

00:09:48.690 --> 00:09:53.670
While sudden death awaited the lager,
shingle weavers faced a slow death,

00:09:54.420 --> 00:09:59.220
one digit at a time to say
nothing of the clouds of sawdust

00:09:59.460 --> 00:10:00.780
that invaded their lungs.

00:10:01.620 --> 00:10:05.640
But on a regular daily mundane basis,

00:10:05.645 --> 00:10:09.240
people sacrificed their fingers and
their hands and their arms into the

00:10:09.240 --> 00:10:10.380
machinery and shingle mills.

00:10:10.740 --> 00:10:15.330
Shingle mills were a deadly
dangerous way to make a living.

00:10:15.330 --> 00:10:16.710
You were aspirating,

00:10:17.160 --> 00:10:21.480
accurate sawdust that eventually would
destroy your respiratory system and

00:10:21.480 --> 00:10:25.621
condemn you to an early death from some
sort of upper chest infections that

00:10:26.730 --> 00:10:29.400
cedar asthma would eventually get you.

00:10:30.360 --> 00:10:35.040
So those trades were
different than working in the

00:10:35.045 --> 00:10:37.380
woods, but equally grim.

00:10:50.070 --> 00:10:53.340
The demand for labor opened doors
for workers from all over the world,

00:10:53.730 --> 00:10:57.480
but it wasn't an even playing
field. In the seesaw economy,

00:10:57.810 --> 00:11:01.680
minorities were usually the last hired
in good times and the first fired and

00:11:01.680 --> 00:11:04.290
bad. It was a dual labor system,

00:11:05.040 --> 00:11:07.440
higher paying skilled jobs for whites,

00:11:08.010 --> 00:11:10.620
unskilled and dangerous
jobs for people of color.

00:11:11.700 --> 00:11:15.300
African-Americans first arrived
in the northwest in great numbers,

00:11:15.300 --> 00:11:19.320
working for the railroads as porters,
baggage handlers and waiters.

00:11:20.010 --> 00:11:24.180
They generally found service jobs in
the cities or on the docks where they

00:11:24.180 --> 00:11:26.040
gained recognition as hard workers.

00:11:27.090 --> 00:11:31.980
Employers often recruited
African-Americans to
break strikes. In 1888,

00:11:32.460 --> 00:11:37.050
desperate owners hired hundreds of
veteran miners from Virginia and Kentucky

00:11:37.380 --> 00:11:40.740
as substitute or scab labor
in central Washington.

00:11:54.160 --> 00:11:58.120
Lumber companies too needed experienced
lumbermen and turned to laggers in the

00:11:58.120 --> 00:12:01.000
American South to work the
forests in eastern Oregon.

00:12:02.080 --> 00:12:06.070
Lafayette lucky Trice and his father
moved from Alabama to Maxville, Oregon.

00:12:06.190 --> 00:12:10.300
They were among hundreds of men working
side by side with white loggers in the

00:12:10.330 --> 00:12:11.710
forests of county.

00:12:12.340 --> 00:12:16.330
An environment fraught with risk in a
racially charged time in an all white

00:12:16.330 --> 00:12:17.163
town.

00:12:17.800 --> 00:12:22.510
African-American men were
hired by the Southern Pine

00:12:22.515 --> 00:12:26.950
Lumber Company in that
industry of timber and logging

00:12:27.430 --> 00:12:30.040
more than any other industry in the south.

00:12:30.610 --> 00:12:35.140
They were experienced and they moved
millions aboard feet in the south

00:12:35.770 --> 00:12:39.220
and they wanted to start
this operation the same way.

00:12:39.490 --> 00:12:43.960
And so they really toyed with the
idea of not just having a lumber

00:12:44.980 --> 00:12:46.720
town with just men,

00:12:46.930 --> 00:12:51.430
but one with families and
schools and a baseball team.

00:12:52.240 --> 00:12:56.560
So when these folks moved here in some
of the interviews, they were asked,

00:12:56.565 --> 00:13:01.480
why would you move to a place you
don't know about that's so cold and so

00:13:01.480 --> 00:13:02.115
different?

00:13:02.115 --> 00:13:07.060
And part of it was the laws and
the Jim Crow in the south was

00:13:07.060 --> 00:13:09.790
so much more severe.

00:13:09.850 --> 00:13:14.320
There were over 3000 of
us hung from trees and not

00:13:14.320 --> 00:13:16.480
necessarily for any good reason.

00:13:16.780 --> 00:13:21.190
Oregon, where racial exclusion laws
from the mid 19th century were still on.

00:13:21.190 --> 00:13:24.670
The books presented challenges
for African-American laggers,

00:13:25.420 --> 00:13:27.730
segregated housing, lower wages,

00:13:28.030 --> 00:13:30.760
and an active Ku Klux Klan
were all facts of life.

00:13:31.150 --> 00:13:33.100
But in a rough and
tumble logging business,

00:13:33.370 --> 00:13:35.980
operating in the harsh winter
weather of eastern Oregon,

00:13:36.400 --> 00:13:40.210
townspeople relied on everyone to
do their part regardless of color.

00:13:41.020 --> 00:13:45.220
Brings that question of will then
how'd they get away with number one,

00:13:45.220 --> 00:13:48.730
bringing black people into Oregon when
it was illegal for them to live and work

00:13:48.730 --> 00:13:53.020
here? And how is it they stayed
and the clan didn't bother them?

00:13:53.260 --> 00:13:54.490
But if you'll look again,

00:13:54.490 --> 00:13:59.350
it's about industry that
if the clan interference

00:13:59.710 --> 00:14:03.790
will affect the money
coming into the townships,

00:14:04.210 --> 00:14:06.010
they're not going to allow that to happen.

00:14:06.430 --> 00:14:10.330
I conjecture they were
not allowed to mess with

00:14:10.330 --> 00:14:12.220
operations. Really,

00:14:12.225 --> 00:14:17.170
it was about this timber industry in
the middle of nowhere that with 25 below

00:14:17.175 --> 00:14:20.230
zero, five and a half feet
of snow, it was rugged.

00:14:20.530 --> 00:14:25.060
And I equate that to being in

00:14:25.900 --> 00:14:30.580
a wartime situation where you're
pulling men from all different walks of

00:14:30.580 --> 00:14:34.750
life and you're putting 'em in a situation
where their environment is hostile.

00:14:36.190 --> 00:14:38.410
They're essentially on the same side,

00:14:38.410 --> 00:14:41.410
but maybe back home
sitting in their comfort.

00:14:42.040 --> 00:14:45.430
They can make up rules, but when
you're in the middle of nowhere,

00:14:45.880 --> 00:14:49.240
you have to watch out for each
other or you don't survive it.

00:14:53.660 --> 00:14:57.290
Native peoples also struggled to secure
a place in the northwest economy.

00:14:57.980 --> 00:15:02.150
Federal policy pressured them to adopt
the ways of white society and to abandon

00:15:02.150 --> 00:15:06.170
their culture. That meant
they were expected to join
the industrial revolution,

00:15:06.650 --> 00:15:10.190
which in the early industrial area
meant farming or learning a trade.

00:15:10.880 --> 00:15:14.540
The Bureau of Indian Affairs operated
boarding schools where young natives were

00:15:14.540 --> 00:15:15.373
taught a trade.

00:15:16.460 --> 00:15:21.170
As for learning, becoming
industrious people.

00:15:22.460 --> 00:15:27.050
They were industrious already in
other ways, they were were fishermen.

00:15:27.080 --> 00:15:32.060
They hunted, they gathered. So
learning to farm was a new idea.

00:15:32.330 --> 00:15:36.080
I would have to say they embraced it, but
at the same time, they were forced to.

00:15:36.470 --> 00:15:37.670
They didn't have a choice.

00:15:37.760 --> 00:15:42.710
The government punished parents who
didn't send their children to the

00:15:42.715 --> 00:15:45.860
boarding school, they're
punished fines or put in jail.

00:15:46.490 --> 00:15:49.160
So the kids had to learn these new trades.

00:15:49.190 --> 00:15:52.820
And farming for people was different.

00:15:52.850 --> 00:15:57.380
They did however, succeed
in the lumber mill.

00:15:57.590 --> 00:16:01.820
Logging and fishing was a big
industry for men. On the reservation,

00:16:02.600 --> 00:16:04.790
there was a lumber mill
at the boarding school.

00:16:05.450 --> 00:16:10.100
And I think just because
tillett people have always been

00:16:10.130 --> 00:16:11.030
carvers,

00:16:11.150 --> 00:16:15.710
it was something that was innate to them
going out to the forest and blogging.

00:16:16.280 --> 00:16:19.940
A lot of the tillett people
weren't regular employees.

00:16:19.970 --> 00:16:22.941
They were kind of not even contract.
They would show up to work,

00:16:23.660 --> 00:16:27.950
they would do the job that was needed
and they would get paid by the Indian

00:16:27.950 --> 00:16:28.310
school.

00:16:28.310 --> 00:16:33.230
So it was like clearing a
road or building a dock,

00:16:33.290 --> 00:16:35.360
building a building or paving.

00:16:36.020 --> 00:16:39.680
So that was a lot of the labor
on the reservation at the time

00:16:40.640 --> 00:16:42.200
revolved around the Indian school.

00:16:44.090 --> 00:16:47.570
Finding meaningful work
presented obstacles for
another minority group in the

00:16:47.570 --> 00:16:51.950
northwest, the Chinese, Japanese,
and other Asian immigrants,

00:16:53.030 --> 00:16:57.890
they too faced discrimination and
hostility. They too dealt with expulsion.

00:16:57.890 --> 00:17:00.620
Whenever they crossed picket
lines or worked for lower wages,

00:17:01.520 --> 00:17:05.270
the federal government
eventually neutralized a
perceived threat with passage of

00:17:05.270 --> 00:17:07.460
the Chinese exclusion Act of 1882,

00:17:08.120 --> 00:17:10.640
literally slamming the
door on all Chinese,

00:17:10.640 --> 00:17:12.290
attempting to enter the United States.

00:17:13.820 --> 00:17:18.410
Chinese started arriving in the Pacific
Northwest in the late 18 hundreds.

00:17:18.440 --> 00:17:23.210
There were conditions in China that
drove them here, poverty, war, famine.

00:17:23.570 --> 00:17:26.510
So they were looking for a way out.

00:17:26.515 --> 00:17:30.800
And at the time the Pacific
Northwest was a developing area.

00:17:31.160 --> 00:17:35.930
Soon America started becoming
known as gold Mountain.

00:17:35.935 --> 00:17:40.220
Chinese called it Gimson because that
was the place that they were hoping to

00:17:40.220 --> 00:17:44.780
make their fortune and then return home
to China to support their families.

00:17:44.780 --> 00:17:47.030
And so that's how it got started.

00:17:47.150 --> 00:17:51.450
So we tend to forget the struggle and
hardship that was exacted on these

00:17:51.450 --> 00:17:52.283
workers.

00:17:52.590 --> 00:17:57.180
They also often worked for less
money than the white workers

00:17:57.480 --> 00:18:01.590
under more dangerous conditions than
what the white workers would take.

00:18:01.980 --> 00:18:06.420
During the time that the Chinese
were here working on these very

00:18:06.450 --> 00:18:08.160
backbreaking jobs,

00:18:08.430 --> 00:18:13.200
they faced a level of discrimination
that was by any standards,

00:18:13.680 --> 00:18:18.090
amazingly harsh. There
were discriminatory laws.

00:18:18.540 --> 00:18:22.860
They were subjected to violent
racial attacks. They were lynched,

00:18:23.370 --> 00:18:26.640
they were driven out of
settlements or beaten. Many,

00:18:26.640 --> 00:18:28.830
many incidents that were just terrible.

00:18:29.580 --> 00:18:33.570
Expulsion created problems for employers
because they needed Chinese labor,

00:18:34.170 --> 00:18:37.290
especially in the region's thriving
fishing and canning industry.

00:18:37.800 --> 00:18:41.700
When northwest salmon fed middle-class
families in the us, Australia,

00:18:41.790 --> 00:18:42.690
and much of Europe.

00:18:42.870 --> 00:18:47.700
That was a huge industry both here
in the Pacific Northwest as well

00:18:47.700 --> 00:18:48.870
as up in Alaska.

00:18:49.140 --> 00:18:53.490
And so they needed thousands of
workers to work processing the food,

00:18:53.970 --> 00:18:58.320
catching the fish, cutting the fish,
canning it, cooking it, and so forth.

00:18:58.710 --> 00:19:02.040
And so the industry
turned to Asian laborers.

00:19:02.310 --> 00:19:06.630
Chinese formed a huge part
of the labor force later,

00:19:06.660 --> 00:19:09.690
Japanese Americans,
Filipino Americans as well.

00:19:10.200 --> 00:19:15.030
There was a patented machine
developed called the Iron Chink

00:19:15.060 --> 00:19:19.680
Butchering machine specifically
developed because the industry

00:19:19.890 --> 00:19:24.810
wanted to both mechanize and
speed up the process as well

00:19:24.810 --> 00:19:29.010
as to get rid of the Chinese laborers
who are not a desired group in that

00:19:29.010 --> 00:19:31.320
climate of racial discrimination.

00:19:31.325 --> 00:19:36.270
So they created this iron chink
butchering machine that's the patented

00:19:36.270 --> 00:19:39.780
name as a way to get rid of the Chinese.

00:19:40.290 --> 00:19:44.970
The irony is that you still needed
laborers to operate the machine.

00:19:45.420 --> 00:19:48.300
The term is obviously a racist term,

00:19:48.720 --> 00:19:53.250
but it also kind of gives
you a clue of what the

00:19:53.820 --> 00:19:56.340
role of the Chinese was
in the actual industry.

00:20:08.730 --> 00:20:12.030
Men weren't alone in battling
workplace inequities.

00:20:12.780 --> 00:20:17.700
Women too struggled for fairness
and recognition at stake

00:20:17.700 --> 00:20:18.780
was their independence.

00:20:19.200 --> 00:20:23.100
The right to make their own
decisions and their very survival.

00:20:24.630 --> 00:20:29.310
Work in this period would be
characterized by long hours and pretty

00:20:29.315 --> 00:20:30.630
uncomfortable conditions.

00:20:31.440 --> 00:20:36.270
We saw in a cannery strike that
happened in Portland in 1913,

00:20:36.750 --> 00:20:41.460
that the women went on strike not just
for better wages and shorter hours,

00:20:41.790 --> 00:20:46.440
but they wanted things like a lunchroom,
a dressing room, clean aprons,

00:20:46.440 --> 00:20:47.530
clean towels.

00:20:47.830 --> 00:20:52.720
So sanitary issues were pretty big for
women at this time as well as hours and

00:20:52.720 --> 00:20:53.553
wages.

00:20:53.770 --> 00:20:58.060
By 1920 half of Americans
were living in urban areas.

00:20:58.660 --> 00:21:00.460
And this is a well-known fact.

00:21:00.910 --> 00:21:05.860
But what tends to get lost in that urban
history is the importance of women to

00:21:05.860 --> 00:21:07.630
the city and the city. For women,

00:21:08.530 --> 00:21:13.450
quite often they receive
wisdom is that cities were

00:21:13.450 --> 00:21:18.070
scary places for women and they needed
to be very careful when they were out in

00:21:18.070 --> 00:21:18.903
the streets.

00:21:19.330 --> 00:21:24.130
Something that's probably not so
familiar to contemporary is the

00:21:24.220 --> 00:21:28.090
importance of reputation
and being respectable.

00:21:28.630 --> 00:21:31.720
And some of this was
related to class issues.

00:21:31.725 --> 00:21:36.490
Some of this was related to being
responsible in a sense for your

00:21:36.490 --> 00:21:37.323
family.

00:21:37.390 --> 00:21:42.010
Women working in service industries
faced a lot of difficulties in the

00:21:42.010 --> 00:21:46.660
workplace. Things like sexual
harassment would not be uncommon,

00:21:46.720 --> 00:21:48.460
working very long hours,

00:21:49.210 --> 00:21:52.540
not having any kind of
stable hours or incomes.

00:21:52.540 --> 00:21:55.330
A lot of jobs were seasonal or temporary,

00:21:55.900 --> 00:21:58.690
and those would all place
difficulties on women.

00:21:59.320 --> 00:22:03.160
And women worked in a variety of places
that we wouldn't think of as traditional

00:22:03.160 --> 00:22:05.140
workplaces such as women.

00:22:05.140 --> 00:22:09.880
Working in prostitution during this
period was an avenue for women to

00:22:10.360 --> 00:22:13.030
support themselves if necessary.

00:22:14.920 --> 00:22:19.030
An equally large and probably really
closer to half of women were working in

00:22:19.030 --> 00:22:23.980
pink color jobs. So these are
jobs such as working in sales,

00:22:23.980 --> 00:22:27.910
so working in the department
stores, working in service,

00:22:27.970 --> 00:22:31.030
a category that included people
that were doing domestic work.

00:22:31.120 --> 00:22:33.760
And this was a huge category at this time.

00:22:34.540 --> 00:22:39.160
It was still really the largest cluster
of what women were working in in the

00:22:39.160 --> 00:22:40.720
early part of the 20th century.

00:22:42.400 --> 00:22:45.220
So this was particularly true
for African-American women.

00:22:45.910 --> 00:22:48.340
Half of African American women worked.

00:22:48.370 --> 00:22:52.390
It probably really was more than that
because the official statistics are not

00:22:52.395 --> 00:22:54.610
necessarily correct on
these sorts of things.

00:22:55.840 --> 00:22:59.710
And 80% of African-American women
would've been working as domestic workers.

00:23:00.820 --> 00:23:03.880
Few women worked harder for
working women than Alice Lorde,

00:23:04.390 --> 00:23:07.390
who founded the Seattle
Waitresses Union in 1900.

00:23:08.290 --> 00:23:10.660
Waitresses worked 10 to 15 hours a day,

00:23:11.020 --> 00:23:15.970
seven days a week for three
to $6 a week to draw attention

00:23:15.970 --> 00:23:17.230
to the woes of waitressing.

00:23:17.890 --> 00:23:22.720
Lord marched from Seattle to Olympia
in 1900 to testify before the state

00:23:22.725 --> 00:23:27.520
legislature. The next year the state
enacted a 10 hour day for women.

00:23:36.760 --> 00:23:40.180
So what this means is better
working condition for waitresses.

00:23:40.330 --> 00:23:42.850
But I do want to add that
it was for white waitresses.

00:23:43.540 --> 00:23:46.160
Alice Lord was wonderful in
a variety of different ways.

00:23:46.160 --> 00:23:50.510
She was a great organizer,
but she was an exclusionist.

00:23:50.930 --> 00:23:53.210
So the union was all white,

00:23:53.420 --> 00:23:55.970
that this meant that black women,

00:23:55.975 --> 00:24:00.650
that Asian women were not part of
this union and therefore didn't

00:24:00.950 --> 00:24:03.830
receive the benefits that came
along with union membership.

00:24:04.040 --> 00:24:08.480
The wages in general were pretty
low during this period. Women,

00:24:08.870 --> 00:24:10.790
for example, in 1913 in Portland,

00:24:11.360 --> 00:24:15.980
the city did a study that estimated that
a woman needed nine to $10 a week to

00:24:15.980 --> 00:24:19.190
support herself. That's not counting
any family that she has to support,

00:24:19.880 --> 00:24:23.480
but women were regularly
making a dollar or less a day.

00:24:24.230 --> 00:24:27.170
And so when they were
looking for a raise in wages,

00:24:27.170 --> 00:24:30.560
they were looking for a dollar 50 a day
to try to make it up to that minimum

00:24:31.190 --> 00:24:33.740
that would help support
women and their families.

00:24:34.550 --> 00:24:39.230
It was difficult for married women
because they were kind of looked down upon

00:24:39.410 --> 00:24:43.040
in the workforce as in they didn't have
as much freedom from responsibility,

00:24:43.430 --> 00:24:46.280
but they also didn't have
things like access to good,

00:24:46.340 --> 00:24:51.140
reliable childcare while they were at
work. And so you see in some workplaces,

00:24:51.145 --> 00:24:55.220
women would kind of set up systems to
help support each other if there was

00:24:55.225 --> 00:24:56.810
family emergencies that arose.

00:24:57.140 --> 00:24:59.810
But women were really working
without any of those protections,

00:24:59.900 --> 00:25:04.490
having to be able to work very
soon after giving birth and having

00:25:04.490 --> 00:25:08.360
to take care of their families
in whatever way they could.

00:25:08.360 --> 00:25:11.870
So working women who had children
and families were definitely at a

00:25:11.870 --> 00:25:12.703
disadvantage.

00:25:15.710 --> 00:25:20.510
Solidarity forever for the union makes

00:25:20.510 --> 00:25:22.040
us strong.

00:25:23.120 --> 00:25:26.240
Industrialization created
untold wealth in America,

00:25:26.870 --> 00:25:31.640
but it also created a staggering
gap in income equality at one

00:25:31.645 --> 00:25:35.810
end were America's richest
manufacturers, merchants,

00:25:36.050 --> 00:25:37.790
landowners, and financiers.

00:25:38.870 --> 00:25:42.830
At the other was the working class
and a life teaming with uncertainty.

00:25:43.400 --> 00:25:45.860
As men. And some women joined unions,

00:25:45.860 --> 00:25:50.690
they did so partly because they could
stand taller, it gave them some control,

00:25:50.780 --> 00:25:52.461
negotiating control over their jobs.

00:25:53.360 --> 00:25:58.250
Some sense of we're not just
powerless in this economy where most

00:25:58.250 --> 00:26:03.050
people did feel powerless and the
unions offered not just a chance to

00:26:03.055 --> 00:26:05.720
raise one's wages and
improve working conditions,

00:26:05.720 --> 00:26:08.180
but also increase one's dignity.

00:26:08.570 --> 00:26:13.400
The unions organized on us
on a promise you joined with

00:26:13.430 --> 00:26:17.300
us and we together can change things.

00:26:18.140 --> 00:26:22.760
So there are two union movements
that arise certainly by the teens,

00:26:22.760 --> 00:26:26.270
19 teens. There's the radical
industrial workers of the world,

00:26:26.600 --> 00:26:28.610
and then the not so radical,

00:26:28.610 --> 00:26:32.660
but also pretty some often socialistic

00:26:33.290 --> 00:26:35.780
unions of the American
Federation of Labor,

00:26:36.320 --> 00:26:39.680
the A F F L organized around
craft lines. If you're a plumber,

00:26:39.685 --> 00:26:42.920
you're part of one union. If you're a
carpenter, you're part of another union.

00:26:42.920 --> 00:26:47.490
They did so because they
had found out and believed

00:26:47.880 --> 00:26:51.330
that solidarity followed work,

00:26:51.780 --> 00:26:56.250
that people of a similar
trade naturally would combine

00:26:56.250 --> 00:27:01.140
together and consequently could be
a stronger union, could win strikes,

00:27:01.170 --> 00:27:02.250
keep the discipline.

00:27:02.340 --> 00:27:06.930
And that promise was to not only
organize all the skilled workers there,

00:27:07.290 --> 00:27:09.240
but also the unskilled workers.

00:27:09.480 --> 00:27:14.370
And the I W W was also much more
inclusive on race and gender principles

00:27:14.370 --> 00:27:15.420
than the A F F L.

00:27:15.990 --> 00:27:20.880
So many workers were drawn
to the I W W for its radical

00:27:20.880 --> 00:27:25.740
ideology. Many were
also drawn to the I W W

00:27:26.910 --> 00:27:31.860
because they had this very inclusive
idea that all workers should

00:27:31.860 --> 00:27:35.940
belong to the union. And
at that time, trade unions.

00:27:36.000 --> 00:27:40.830
Craft unions usually only
represented native-born white

00:27:41.010 --> 00:27:45.660
men. Very few women, very
few African-Americans,

00:27:45.960 --> 00:27:50.130
and very few southern and eastern
Europeans belong to craft unions.

00:27:52.740 --> 00:27:54.300
I Wws said, that's wrong.

00:27:55.110 --> 00:27:59.010
We believe in organizing the entire
working class regardless of origin,

00:27:59.010 --> 00:28:01.260
regardless of race, regardless of gender.

00:28:01.560 --> 00:28:05.160
And so they tried to build these
much more inclusive unions,

00:28:06.060 --> 00:28:09.120
which were also operating on a
different political principle.

00:28:10.110 --> 00:28:13.440
The I W W practiced
revolutionary unionism.

00:28:14.610 --> 00:28:18.450
They believed that they were not
just fighting for better wages,

00:28:18.450 --> 00:28:20.820
not just fighting for
better working conditions,

00:28:21.240 --> 00:28:26.190
but to overthrow capitalism and
create a new economy based on syn

00:28:26.190 --> 00:28:27.720
equalism or socialism.

00:28:28.410 --> 00:28:32.250
Because the I WW gave women empowerment,

00:28:32.400 --> 00:28:36.990
it gave them kind of freedom within a
much broader ideology to work on women's

00:28:36.990 --> 00:28:40.740
issues in a way that wasn't
limited to a women's auxiliary.

00:28:40.740 --> 00:28:42.960
It wasn't focused just on suffrage.

00:28:42.960 --> 00:28:45.240
It wasn't focused just
on progressive reform.

00:28:45.600 --> 00:28:49.760
Women could take the philosophy of the
I ww and kind of use it to work towards

00:28:50.820 --> 00:28:52.380
what they found to be most important.

00:28:52.860 --> 00:28:57.330
So the I W W in the preamble to
their constitution declared that

00:28:58.320 --> 00:29:01.290
the working class and the employing
class have nothing in common.

00:29:01.650 --> 00:29:03.270
And between these two classes,

00:29:03.360 --> 00:29:07.800
a struggle must go on until the
workers of the world come together as a

00:29:07.800 --> 00:29:08.633
class,

00:29:08.670 --> 00:29:13.290
take control of the means and
the machinery of production and

00:29:13.320 --> 00:29:15.420
share all the good things in life.

00:29:17.430 --> 00:29:19.560
Employers saw themselves as benefactors,

00:29:19.980 --> 00:29:22.350
visionaries who built an
enterprise from scratch.

00:29:22.740 --> 00:29:26.880
And with that a town they believed
interfering in free enterprise,

00:29:26.880 --> 00:29:29.220
not only hurt workers,
but the town itself.

00:29:30.060 --> 00:29:34.020
Dozens of strikes in Washington state
alone disrupted business operations for

00:29:34.020 --> 00:29:36.960
two decades and tore at the
fabric of the community.

00:29:38.070 --> 00:29:42.070
Owners went to great lengths to maintain
control of their business and protect

00:29:42.070 --> 00:29:43.060
the flow of profits.

00:29:44.200 --> 00:29:48.850
Armed strike breakers who sometimes
had backgrounds as professional

00:29:48.855 --> 00:29:50.710
wrestlers, professional boxers,

00:29:53.670 --> 00:29:57.310
sometimes college football players
from the University of Washington,

00:29:57.670 --> 00:30:00.250
from the University of
California got recruited,

00:30:00.490 --> 00:30:03.040
brought in to violently break strikes.

00:30:10.270 --> 00:30:14.410
What started as a typical conflict
between capital and labor evolved into

00:30:14.415 --> 00:30:18.310
something more fundamental. The
free speech rights of workers,

00:30:19.270 --> 00:30:24.100
the free speech fight as it became known
spread across the region between 1909

00:30:24.130 --> 00:30:25.030
and 1919.

00:30:25.870 --> 00:30:29.140
City officials throughout the northwest
struggled to cope with legions of

00:30:29.140 --> 00:30:31.210
wobblies who invaded their towns,

00:30:31.540 --> 00:30:36.160
opened up meeting halls and railed in
public against the injustices heaped on

00:30:36.160 --> 00:30:37.120
the working class.

00:30:38.350 --> 00:30:43.150
So during free speech fights, a
wobbly would put down their soapbox,

00:30:43.360 --> 00:30:47.350
immediately climb up on the
soapbox and declare fellow workers.

00:30:47.590 --> 00:30:52.510
And sometimes they would get one or
two or maybe three sentences into their

00:30:52.510 --> 00:30:56.800
speech and they would be hauled down by
a police officer or quite frequently a

00:30:56.800 --> 00:31:01.060
vigilante. But the second they
were hauled down another wobbly,

00:31:01.065 --> 00:31:05.350
another free speech fighter would climb
on that same soapbox or maybe their own

00:31:05.800 --> 00:31:07.180
soapbox and do the same thing.

00:31:07.870 --> 00:31:12.730
You can imagine the frustration
of the police or of other anti

00:31:12.730 --> 00:31:17.360
i w WW forces that as soon as
they haul somebody down from the

00:31:17.500 --> 00:31:20.860
soapbox, there's another
person ready to go.

00:31:21.640 --> 00:31:22.630
By the end of November,

00:31:23.260 --> 00:31:28.090
Spokane police had made nearly
800 arrests and as the I W

00:31:28.090 --> 00:31:31.480
W intended completely
disrupted law enforcement,

00:31:31.810 --> 00:31:33.970
city administration and the courts,

00:31:34.870 --> 00:31:39.190
other cities learned from Spokane
in Aberdeen rather than jail.

00:31:39.190 --> 00:31:42.370
The troublemakers, they herded
them out of town at gunpoint.

00:31:43.090 --> 00:31:45.280
On a rainy November night in 1911,

00:31:45.730 --> 00:31:50.530
sheriff deputies ousted dozens of men
with warnings to leave and never returned.

00:32:00.460 --> 00:32:03.490
Police may have been able
to silence wobbly speeches,

00:32:04.330 --> 00:32:08.740
but the protestors had a more powerful
weapon at their disposal Music.

00:32:09.820 --> 00:32:14.530
Few things rang louder than a chorus of
men and women belting out wobbly ballads

00:32:14.530 --> 00:32:16.000
from their little red songbook.

00:32:17.290 --> 00:32:19.660
Many were written by
labor activist Joe Hill,

00:32:20.380 --> 00:32:23.410
who fought for worker rights
from Vancouver to Tijuana,

00:32:24.340 --> 00:32:26.290
known as the troubadour of Discontent.

00:32:26.890 --> 00:32:31.240
Hill was falsely accused of murder
and executed in Utah in 1915.

00:32:41.060 --> 00:32:43.130
Music is just a powerful tool, right?

00:32:43.130 --> 00:32:48.020
It's used for all kinds of things
from romance to propaganda.

00:32:48.350 --> 00:32:53.180
And so Joe Hill was somebody
who recognized this is
going to be a powerful part

00:32:53.185 --> 00:32:54.018
of what we do.

00:32:54.170 --> 00:32:58.880
The strategy used by labor is the age old
tactic of a lot of folk cultures where

00:32:59.060 --> 00:33:03.950
you take an existing melody and you
rewrite it to a new situation to create

00:33:03.950 --> 00:33:07.190
new meaning or to address a new
situation that's been created.

00:33:07.520 --> 00:33:11.000
So music is a key.

00:33:11.840 --> 00:33:16.520
One of the most stalwart men I ever
met and could call a friend was Frank

00:33:16.520 --> 00:33:18.590
Blether, who was left dangling

00:33:20.090 --> 00:33:21.800
at the end of a rope in Butte,

00:33:21.800 --> 00:33:25.550
Montana after they strike
their on Anaconda Hill.

00:33:26.390 --> 00:33:30.290
Labor activist Ralph Chaplin
writer, poet, and artist,

00:33:30.740 --> 00:33:34.880
also evoked the power of music
to rally workers. Born in Ames,

00:33:34.880 --> 00:33:36.350
Kansas in 1887.

00:33:36.920 --> 00:33:41.570
His radicalization took seed at age
seven when he saw a worker shot to death

00:33:41.570 --> 00:33:43.310
during the Pullman strike in Chicago.

00:33:44.240 --> 00:33:49.070
He joined the I ww and fought for coal
miners in the bloody paint creek mine war

00:33:49.220 --> 00:33:53.390
in West Virginia in
1912. During World War I,

00:33:53.750 --> 00:33:58.550
he was among a hundred activists
arrested for violating the 1917 Espionage

00:33:58.550 --> 00:33:59.383
Act.

00:33:59.510 --> 00:34:03.650
He would serve four years of a 20 year
sentence for his opposition to the war

00:34:03.680 --> 00:34:04.550
and the draft.

00:34:06.140 --> 00:34:09.950
A longtime editor of national
and local Union newspapers,

00:34:10.340 --> 00:34:14.540
Chaplin would settle in Tacoma,
Washington until his death in 1961.

00:34:15.230 --> 00:34:17.810
He's buried at the Cavalry
Cemetery in Tacoma,

00:34:18.320 --> 00:34:22.370
where activists gather each labor day
to sing his songs and rally workers

00:34:23.390 --> 00:34:27.680
Chaplain's most enduring legacy is his
music and the labor movement's iconic

00:34:27.680 --> 00:34:29.630
ballad solidarity forever.

00:34:30.440 --> 00:34:34.280
Its sung to the tune of the Civil War
Ballad Battle, him of the Republic.

00:34:35.030 --> 00:34:39.740
Like many wobbly toons, it was played
to compete with the Christian minstrels,

00:34:40.220 --> 00:34:41.510
the Salvation Army Band.

00:34:42.770 --> 00:34:47.720
The story starts in Spokane
in the northwest where the
Salvation Army was sent

00:34:47.720 --> 00:34:48.680
out into the streets

00:34:50.240 --> 00:34:52.790
to counteract the protestors.

00:34:53.150 --> 00:34:55.040
And so they were going to
drown them out with music.

00:34:55.460 --> 00:35:00.200
And the protestors responded by
creating their own lyrics to the same

00:35:00.205 --> 00:35:02.900
songs and then singing
down the Salvation Army.

00:35:03.260 --> 00:35:06.950
So it's actually a really funny and
creative example of appropriation.

00:35:07.340 --> 00:35:12.080
We're going to take your melody and we're
going to create something new to drown

00:35:12.080 --> 00:35:12.440
out.

00:35:12.440 --> 00:35:17.150
Your message in the sweet by and by an
old hymn was changed into the preacher in

00:35:17.150 --> 00:35:17.983
the slave.

00:35:18.110 --> 00:35:22.700
So they changed in the sweet by and
bye in that glorious land of the

00:35:22.700 --> 00:35:24.960
sky to you'll eat by and.

00:35:26.000 --> 00:35:29.210
Long hair Es come out every night,

00:35:30.500 --> 00:35:33.470
try to tell you what's
wrong and what's right.

00:35:34.550 --> 00:35:37.200
But when asked how about something to eat,

00:35:38.730 --> 00:35:43.560
they all answer with
voice. So sweet. You'll.

00:35:43.860 --> 00:35:44.693
Eat.

00:35:45.060 --> 00:35:49.800
By in that glorious land by the sky.

00:35:51.120 --> 00:35:54.210
Work and pray. Live on hay.

00:35:55.290 --> 00:35:59.790
You'll get pie in the
sky when you die. Oh,

00:35:59.790 --> 00:36:01.710
the starvation on me.

00:36:01.710 --> 00:36:06.520
They play and they sing
and they clap and they pray

00:36:07.710 --> 00:36:09.180
till they get all your.

00:36:09.810 --> 00:36:13.860
So the free speech movement
in Spokane created several

00:36:14.550 --> 00:36:19.350
colorful characters, not the least
of which was Elizabeth Gurley Flynn,

00:36:20.370 --> 00:36:22.470
1920 years old,

00:36:22.980 --> 00:36:25.590
sent from Chicago by the I W W,

00:36:25.890 --> 00:36:30.300
helped to support the strikers in the
free speech movement. She'll get arrested,

00:36:31.050 --> 00:36:36.030
she'll accuse of police, of using
the jail as a house of prostitution.

00:36:36.480 --> 00:36:40.080
She'll chain herself to a
lamppost to avoid her arrest.

00:36:41.340 --> 00:36:44.040
Really helps to disrupt
the whole movement.

00:36:44.490 --> 00:36:48.270
It builds sympathy for the movement
of women, especially in Spokane,

00:36:48.270 --> 00:36:53.040
will begin to show some
sympathy for the strikers

00:36:53.040 --> 00:36:54.840
and for the workers.

00:36:55.530 --> 00:36:59.280
She'll go on to write
a book called Sabotage.

00:37:00.570 --> 00:37:03.690
Joe Hill, the labor activist,

00:37:04.560 --> 00:37:09.390
songwriter musician will write
a song about her called Rebel

00:37:09.390 --> 00:37:13.920
Girl, and she'll be known there
forever as the rebel girl.

00:37:14.250 --> 00:37:14.400
We've.

00:37:14.400 --> 00:37:16.860
Had girls before, but we need some.

00:37:17.370 --> 00:37:19.740
The industrial workers of the world

00:37:21.780 --> 00:37:22.980
fight for freedom.

00:37:42.120 --> 00:37:44.520
In Everett, Washington. In 1916,

00:37:45.060 --> 00:37:49.590
the free speech fight led to the bloodiest
conflict in northwest labor history.

00:37:50.460 --> 00:37:51.720
Over the previous decade,

00:37:52.140 --> 00:37:55.830
the city of smokestacks had grown into
one of the nation's leading lumber

00:37:55.830 --> 00:38:00.270
producers, dozens of mills
and iron factory shipyards,

00:38:00.510 --> 00:38:01.260
paper mills,

00:38:01.260 --> 00:38:06.180
and a vibrant downtown contributed
to the sawdust economy fostering a

00:38:06.180 --> 00:38:07.920
strong pro-union sentiment.

00:38:08.610 --> 00:38:13.140
The city staged elaborate Labor
Day parades where shingle weavers,

00:38:13.470 --> 00:38:17.310
electrical workers, machinists,
cable car operators,

00:38:17.580 --> 00:38:19.620
paper mill employees, painters,

00:38:19.860 --> 00:38:23.370
and dozens of other unions march
proudly down Hewitt Avenue,

00:38:25.140 --> 00:38:29.790
But typical for timber prosperity
didn't last as frequent contractions

00:38:29.940 --> 00:38:34.110
led to layoffs and wage
cuts. In May, 1916,

00:38:34.380 --> 00:38:39.040
shingle weavers walked off the job
inflaming already heated labor relations,

00:38:39.790 --> 00:38:43.090
the I ww with its messages
about slave wages.

00:38:43.090 --> 00:38:47.860
And one big union now turned its
sights to Everett. Like other cities,

00:38:48.250 --> 00:38:52.360
Everett passed a public speaking ban
leading to the now familiar routine of

00:38:52.360 --> 00:38:57.220
arrests, fines, and expulsions.
Sheriff Donald McRay,

00:38:57.760 --> 00:39:00.850
a former shingle weaver, showed
no sympathy for strikers.

00:39:01.120 --> 00:39:02.650
He considered Everett his town.

00:39:02.920 --> 00:39:06.670
It would not allow what he called
boxcar revolutionaries to disrupt it.

00:39:07.450 --> 00:39:11.830
For two months, downtown streets roiled
in a cauldron of protest and violence.

00:39:12.430 --> 00:39:16.360
Police and special deputies delivered
justice with rifle butts and ax handles.

00:39:17.260 --> 00:39:22.030
Anyone attempting to speak in public
or disrupt business was roughed up,

00:39:22.270 --> 00:39:23.860
arrested and sent packing.

00:39:25.180 --> 00:39:28.660
Well, actually, the I W W were
fairly well behaved to begin with.

00:39:28.780 --> 00:39:29.980
When they first started speaking,

00:39:30.250 --> 00:39:33.520
they actually were speaking 50 feet back
from the street corner and they were

00:39:33.520 --> 00:39:37.420
trying to decide exactly
what to do because you're
dealing with fellow workers,

00:39:37.450 --> 00:39:40.180
shingle weavers who essentially
have been locked out of their jobs,

00:39:40.300 --> 00:39:43.780
who are in dire economic straits,
who are at odds with them.

00:39:44.380 --> 00:39:45.610
Events turned ugly.

00:39:45.610 --> 00:39:50.290
On October 30th when dozens of
wobblies rode the ferry from Seattle

00:39:50.500 --> 00:39:51.400
to stage a rally,

00:39:52.630 --> 00:39:57.280
sheriff McCrae had gotten word of their
arrival and was determined to stop them

00:39:57.280 --> 00:40:00.940
in their tracks. He
deputized dozens of men,

00:40:01.510 --> 00:40:06.220
nothing more than armed vigilantes with
a badge and awaited at the city dock.

00:40:06.760 --> 00:40:11.200
There was a vigilante group out there
as well as the group that McCrae

00:40:12.020 --> 00:40:13.150
was in charge of.

00:40:13.210 --> 00:40:17.770
And what you had essentially was
a systematic beating of the I W

00:40:17.770 --> 00:40:22.480
W who were then driven out of the county
on the Interurban railway right of

00:40:22.510 --> 00:40:25.150
way. It was, I think at that point,

00:40:25.510 --> 00:40:30.310
shocking to people in Everett
that it had reached that kind

00:40:30.315 --> 00:40:34.810
of level of systematic brutality using

00:40:34.815 --> 00:40:39.580
clubs that had been manufactured in a
local mill, specifically for the purpose.

00:40:39.580 --> 00:40:43.150
Little batons that could be used to
beat, to beat people. And of course,

00:40:43.150 --> 00:40:46.930
that was the famous interchange that
turned up later in court under oath,

00:40:47.320 --> 00:40:51.640
that when one individual told McCray
that he had constitutional rights,

00:40:51.670 --> 00:40:55.390
McCray said, not now, not here.
You're in Snohomish County.

00:40:55.750 --> 00:40:57.340
And we determined what
your rights will be.

00:40:59.140 --> 00:41:04.090
The attack served only to embolden
the I ww determined to exercise their

00:41:04.090 --> 00:41:07.030
constitutional rights more than 300 men,

00:41:07.510 --> 00:41:12.220
mostly down in their luck laborers who
wanted to support the cause steamed

00:41:12.225 --> 00:41:16.540
towards Everett on two fairies,
the Verona and Calista.

00:41:17.050 --> 00:41:21.460
By that time, many of them are
actually injured. They've been beaten.

00:41:22.840 --> 00:41:25.810
They're convinced that when
they come back to Everett,

00:41:26.320 --> 00:41:30.010
they're not going to be empty
handed. In fact, at that point,

00:41:30.015 --> 00:41:34.145
a number of them determined that they'll
be carrying guns and they're not going

00:41:34.145 --> 00:41:36.890
to go peacefully to a
remote spot to be beaten,

00:41:36.890 --> 00:41:39.620
senseless by McCray and these goons.

00:41:41.420 --> 00:41:43.250
As the Verona steamed into Everett,

00:41:43.790 --> 00:41:48.290
some 200 deputies and vigilantes
lined the docks, hid in sheds,

00:41:48.530 --> 00:41:50.660
and waited in tugboats around the harbor,

00:41:51.500 --> 00:41:54.170
hundreds of onlookers gathered
on the surrounding hillside.

00:41:55.160 --> 00:41:59.960
The scene at the Everett city dock
was a crossfire of people who'd set

00:41:59.960 --> 00:42:02.060
themselves up on coal bunkers.

00:42:02.270 --> 00:42:05.960
It's hard to tell how much of this
McCree was even in control of anymore.

00:42:07.400 --> 00:42:12.290
They were making ready to put the gang
plank out for those on board to go

00:42:12.290 --> 00:42:16.640
onto the dock. And Don McGray
appeared in the dock. Now,

00:42:16.645 --> 00:42:19.730
don't ask me which hand
he held up in the air,

00:42:19.730 --> 00:42:23.570
but he held one hand up in the air.
I saw this and I heard his words.

00:42:23.690 --> 00:42:28.100
Who's your leaders?
Reply came from the boat.

00:42:28.370 --> 00:42:32.030
We're all leaders. He
says, you can't land here.

00:42:33.420 --> 00:42:38.270
You can't land here. See, he turned

00:42:40.790 --> 00:42:45.530
his hand still in the air
and faced his hand at his

00:42:45.530 --> 00:42:50.000
waist. And I do remember seeing
a gun in a holster there.

00:42:50.360 --> 00:42:52.250
I'm not certain, but there was that.

00:42:53.060 --> 00:42:57.080
And immediately as though
that were a signal,

00:42:58.100 --> 00:43:00.320
first a single shot was fired.

00:43:01.190 --> 00:43:03.950
And within a time it
takes to go take a breath,

00:43:05.030 --> 00:43:06.350
a volley came from the dock.

00:43:12.470 --> 00:43:14.180
Well, her bow line was tied,

00:43:14.390 --> 00:43:19.190
which meant that when the shooting
started and all the passengers on the four

00:43:19.190 --> 00:43:21.830
deck ran to the starboard bow,

00:43:21.950 --> 00:43:26.600
she probably would've capsized. It
just rolled right over. But in fact,

00:43:26.600 --> 00:43:27.740
the bow line was tied.

00:43:27.740 --> 00:43:31.820
So what happened was it
arrested the role of the ship,

00:43:31.850 --> 00:43:35.870
but a number of individuals went into
the water over the rail because of the

00:43:35.870 --> 00:43:37.820
steep angle that the ship pitched.

00:43:38.450 --> 00:43:43.070
When everybody ran away from where they
thought the gunfire was coming from,

00:43:43.340 --> 00:43:46.850
they eventually snapped the bow line
and pulled back out. But by that time,

00:43:46.855 --> 00:43:49.550
of course, they'd been in the
crossfire for a little while.

00:43:49.550 --> 00:43:54.140
And actually the people in the dock
area in the Everett Harbor didn't stop

00:43:54.145 --> 00:43:56.570
shooting when the Verona pulled back out.

00:43:56.570 --> 00:44:01.340
One individual was seriously injured
by rifle fire when the boat had

00:44:01.340 --> 00:44:06.320
already pulled out into the arbor and
people were taking pot shots at it from

00:44:06.320 --> 00:44:10.880
quite a distance away. We're guessing
probably officially seven dead,

00:44:10.880 --> 00:44:13.130
but probably considerably more.

00:44:13.370 --> 00:44:17.210
There were bodies that wound up in
the water that never were officially

00:44:17.210 --> 00:44:18.043
recovered.

00:44:18.860 --> 00:44:20.780
As the Verona headed back to Seattle,

00:44:21.050 --> 00:44:24.560
they passed the northern bound Calista
and warned them to turn around.

00:44:25.460 --> 00:44:29.760
The people of Everett in the immediate
aftermath of the shooting were

00:44:29.930 --> 00:44:33.420
essentially at that point, you get the
impression almost hiding in their homes.

00:44:33.900 --> 00:44:38.790
But you had a vigilante squad that was
marching the streets and breaking up any

00:44:38.790 --> 00:44:39.990
gatherings of people.

00:44:40.380 --> 00:44:44.850
It was almost a kind of
an ad hoc marshal law

00:44:44.855 --> 00:44:45.688
situation.

00:44:45.960 --> 00:44:50.550
When the Verona docked in Seattle,
waiting, policed, arrested 74 men,

00:44:51.210 --> 00:44:52.650
prosecutors decided to try.

00:44:52.740 --> 00:44:57.180
The I W W Leader Thomas
Tracy first held in Seattle.

00:44:57.600 --> 00:45:02.580
The trial lasted two months after
13 hours of deliberation and

00:45:02.580 --> 00:45:03.630
numerous ballots.

00:45:04.050 --> 00:45:08.430
A jury acquitted Tracy
requiring prosecutors to
drop the charges against the

00:45:08.430 --> 00:45:09.480
73 others.

00:45:10.440 --> 00:45:14.760
Most of Everett believed the wobblies got
away with murdering police while the I

00:45:14.760 --> 00:45:19.740
WW said the tragedy confirmed the
thuggery evil intent and smugness

00:45:20.010 --> 00:45:22.320
of industrialists who
could murder with impunity.

00:45:23.160 --> 00:45:26.880
No one shooting from the docks on
that bloody Sunday was ever indicted.

00:45:27.660 --> 00:45:31.710
The time bomb that had been
building throughout those months

00:45:32.860 --> 00:45:37.560
in 1916 finally just
reached a point where the

00:45:37.560 --> 00:45:42.090
leadership on both sides had
sort of placed all of their

00:45:43.500 --> 00:45:48.360
constituents in a situation without
a graceful place to back down.

00:45:59.730 --> 00:46:04.230
America's entry into World
War I in April, 1917 took the

00:46:04.230 --> 00:46:05.340
spotlight off Everett.

00:46:06.210 --> 00:46:10.860
The region boomed as defense industries
sought raw materials to conduct the war

00:46:10.920 --> 00:46:11.820
and feed the troops.

00:46:12.540 --> 00:46:17.520
Ship building exploded as 41 shipyards
in Washington and Oregon produced nearly

00:46:17.520 --> 00:46:19.200
300 ships throughout the war.

00:46:19.800 --> 00:46:23.640
Military recruiters had a hayday as
more than a hundred thousand men from

00:46:23.640 --> 00:46:26.430
Washington and Oregon
enlisted in the armed forces.

00:46:27.240 --> 00:46:30.810
People of color and women found
jobs vacated by men at war.

00:46:31.830 --> 00:46:33.420
The northwest economy was rolling

00:46:35.700 --> 00:46:40.620
good economic times and patriotic fever
led to an even stronger suppression

00:46:40.620 --> 00:46:41.453
of free speech.

00:46:42.120 --> 00:46:46.740
The wage earner's cause was no match for
a war in which America intended to make

00:46:46.890 --> 00:46:48.420
the world safe for democracy.

00:46:49.560 --> 00:46:53.010
Opponents were labeled
disloyal and aiding the enemy.

00:46:54.240 --> 00:46:57.990
Multiple alien and sedition acts
and acted under the Woodrow Wilson

00:46:57.990 --> 00:47:02.400
administration gave the federal government
sweeping powers to fine and jail.

00:47:02.430 --> 00:47:07.410
Anyone obstructing the war effort?
Progressive causes, especially labor,

00:47:07.920 --> 00:47:12.480
were seen as hindering the war by putting
their needs ahead of the brave boys

00:47:12.480 --> 00:47:15.330
fighting in Europe. Strikers
were being unpatriotic.

00:47:24.180 --> 00:47:29.010
But the federal government in 1918
effectively promised the shipyard

00:47:29.020 --> 00:47:32.380
unions that once the war was over,

00:47:32.680 --> 00:47:35.770
they would renegotiate and
allow wages to increase.

00:47:36.220 --> 00:47:40.720
But at the very end of the war, the
shipyard board changes its mind.

00:47:40.810 --> 00:47:43.510
They're basically getting ready
to shut down the shipyards.

00:47:43.510 --> 00:47:47.140
But they're not saying that what
they do say is no wage increase.

00:47:47.140 --> 00:47:50.950
And that sets off the prelude
to the Seattle general strike.

00:47:51.850 --> 00:47:56.560
The wars end ushered in a deep
nationwide recession as wartime spending

00:47:56.565 --> 00:47:57.400
ground to a halt.

00:47:58.090 --> 00:48:02.290
The sudden decline in demand caused
wartime industries to lay off workers.

00:48:02.920 --> 00:48:07.690
15,000 lumber workers in Washington
and 7,000 in Oregon lost their

00:48:07.690 --> 00:48:09.700
jobs. Longshoremen,

00:48:10.180 --> 00:48:14.740
who had been promised a raise when the
war ended cried foul when owners reneged.

00:48:15.370 --> 00:48:19.480
It's in the context of this post-war
economic turmoil that we can make sense of

00:48:19.480 --> 00:48:20.830
the Seattle general strike,

00:48:21.700 --> 00:48:26.620
the first general strike in US
history to begin when 35,000

00:48:26.620 --> 00:48:30.850
shipyard workers walked off the docks
on January 21st over unfair wages,

00:48:32.410 --> 00:48:37.300
their numbers swelled to 65,000 when
multiple local unions joined the cause

00:48:37.510 --> 00:48:41.710
and staged sympathy strikes. For six days,

00:48:41.920 --> 00:48:46.300
Seattle came to a standstill with
all but the basic services shut down.

00:48:48.100 --> 00:48:50.230
So they appealed to the other unions,

00:48:50.230 --> 00:48:54.790
the 110 other unions represented by
the Seattle Central Labor Council.

00:48:55.780 --> 00:49:00.580
They asked the other unions to
support the shipyard workers in a

00:49:00.580 --> 00:49:02.170
solidarity strike,

00:49:02.920 --> 00:49:07.900
A general strike designed
to stop the city of Seattle.

00:49:08.710 --> 00:49:13.210
They want to shut down all of
the work that makes the city

00:49:13.420 --> 00:49:18.220
move in order to put pressure on
the federal authorities and the

00:49:18.220 --> 00:49:19.053
shipyard owners.

00:49:19.360 --> 00:49:23.860
A hundred and ten, a hundred twenty
five unions joined the strike,

00:49:24.010 --> 00:49:25.510
65,000 men.

00:49:26.230 --> 00:49:30.610
And they organized everything
from milk stations for

00:49:30.940 --> 00:49:35.260
mothers, babies, to
every conceivable thing.

00:49:35.650 --> 00:49:38.680
People were afraid of losing
essential services. I mean,

00:49:38.680 --> 00:49:40.180
that's a legitimate fear.

00:49:40.810 --> 00:49:44.560
Who's going to turn on the
electricity for the hospitals?

00:49:45.550 --> 00:49:49.330
What kind of essential services are we
going to have and who's going to collect

00:49:49.330 --> 00:49:50.163
the garbage?

00:49:50.740 --> 00:49:55.630
These were questions that came up
before the strike and during the strike.

00:49:56.140 --> 00:50:00.160
And again, people feared the worst.

00:50:00.790 --> 00:50:04.810
After all of that. On
February 6th at 10 o'clock,

00:50:04.900 --> 00:50:07.030
the strike is enforced.

00:50:07.120 --> 00:50:11.890
Streetcar workers, waiters,
barbers, waitresses, store clerks,

00:50:12.160 --> 00:50:12.993
news boards,

00:50:13.180 --> 00:50:17.770
warehousemen railroad workers and scores
of others put down their tools and

00:50:17.770 --> 00:50:18.790
walked off the job.

00:50:19.180 --> 00:50:23.320
And the labor movement was very
careful and cautious in planning this.

00:50:23.320 --> 00:50:27.770
They knew that strikes often
fell apart because of violence,

00:50:27.890 --> 00:50:30.770
because of clashes with
authorities or others.

00:50:31.160 --> 00:50:34.430
So they ask union members
to basically stay home,

00:50:35.090 --> 00:50:39.020
not to be on the street.
No big demonstrations,

00:50:39.020 --> 00:50:40.160
raucous noises.

00:50:40.670 --> 00:50:44.600
And they deputized about
200 returning war veterans.

00:50:44.605 --> 00:50:48.350
They called this the labor Veterans Guard,

00:50:48.950 --> 00:50:53.750
who then patrolled the streets
and asked people to stay calm and

00:50:53.750 --> 00:50:54.583
stay quiet.

00:50:54.710 --> 00:50:59.240
They didn't want to cause any
possibilities of clashes with the police.

00:51:05.180 --> 00:51:09.800
The mayor of Seattle in 1919

00:51:09.890 --> 00:51:11.900
was Ole Hanssen.

00:51:13.100 --> 00:51:16.340
He was sometimes known as Holy Oly,

00:51:17.360 --> 00:51:18.350
a bit of a clown,

00:51:19.520 --> 00:51:23.300
not highly respected by
the Seattle business elite,

00:51:24.020 --> 00:51:28.190
A typical politician on
the make on the take,

00:51:29.000 --> 00:51:33.830
willing to use this event to further his

00:51:33.830 --> 00:51:34.910
own political career.

00:51:35.630 --> 00:51:38.900
Olie Hanssen tried to
play a legitimate role,

00:51:38.900 --> 00:51:43.460
initially took part in the
negotiations between the labor and

00:51:43.465 --> 00:51:44.298
management.

00:51:44.570 --> 00:51:48.650
But when labor refused to back down when
they held to their goals and insisted

00:51:48.650 --> 00:51:51.440
on this strike, he walked out.

00:51:51.530 --> 00:51:56.300
Ole Hanssen walked out and immediately
called the governor and warned him that

00:51:56.305 --> 00:51:58.940
there was very likely going
to be a general strike,

00:51:59.240 --> 00:52:01.490
and he wanted them to call
in the National Guard.

00:52:01.580 --> 00:52:05.630
The mayor asked for federal troops.

00:52:05.720 --> 00:52:07.970
And on the first day of the strike,

00:52:09.020 --> 00:52:13.310
troops from Fort Lewis
entered the city and took up

00:52:13.670 --> 00:52:17.540
positions at the National Guard.
Armories and other stations.

00:52:18.350 --> 00:52:22.640
The labor movement had miscalculated and
had spent a lot of time thinking about

00:52:22.645 --> 00:52:24.800
how it could run the city.

00:52:24.980 --> 00:52:28.850
But in the course of all that
planning and negotiation,

00:52:29.690 --> 00:52:33.590
the labor movement didn't fully
account for the hostility,

00:52:33.860 --> 00:52:38.120
particularly from on the part of
the mayor and the major newspapers.

00:52:38.510 --> 00:52:40.850
So by the time the strike had started,

00:52:40.855 --> 00:52:43.430
even though it turned
out to be quite peaceful,

00:52:43.910 --> 00:52:48.170
the opposition to it, the fear
of it was really palpable.

00:52:48.650 --> 00:52:50.210
And the mayor in particular,

00:52:50.210 --> 00:52:55.010
who had been labor friendly earlier in his

00:52:55.220 --> 00:52:59.390
career, came out militantly
against the strike,

00:52:59.570 --> 00:53:04.040
demanded that the labor movement
call it off and threaten martial

00:53:04.040 --> 00:53:08.270
law if they didn't do so. The
labor movement didn't call it off.

00:53:08.330 --> 00:53:11.210
Hanssen didn't have authority
to declare martial law,

00:53:11.570 --> 00:53:16.340
but his vehement in
opposition was something that

00:53:16.400 --> 00:53:20.570
the labor leaders hadn't counted
on and it became a big problem.

00:53:23.630 --> 00:53:28.470
One guy that I talked to was in the center
of the strike. His name was Haverty.

00:53:28.530 --> 00:53:31.680
Wonderful. Richard
Haverty, an old old man,

00:53:32.610 --> 00:53:36.750
told me that what got him
was the unearthly quiet,

00:53:36.900 --> 00:53:40.770
how quiet it was throughout the
city. There was nobody talking.

00:53:40.980 --> 00:53:43.590
There was nobody at the public
library. There was nothing.

00:53:43.950 --> 00:53:47.580
It was just total calm.

00:53:48.240 --> 00:53:52.440
In the course of what turns out to be a
six day strike, there was no violence.

00:53:52.770 --> 00:53:53.640
And interestingly,

00:53:53.645 --> 00:53:58.620
there were almost no arrests of any
kind and no arrests that seemed to be

00:53:58.625 --> 00:54:02.460
related to the strike. So
the concern about violence,

00:54:02.640 --> 00:54:04.560
which had been on everybody's mind,

00:54:04.830 --> 00:54:09.540
turned out to have been resolved
very favorably because the

00:54:09.630 --> 00:54:13.260
Seattle General strike
was followed worldwide.

00:54:14.250 --> 00:54:18.181
Newspapers around the world were
riveted during those six days,

00:54:18.630 --> 00:54:23.220
wondering whether Seattle was on the
verge of revolution or what was going to

00:54:23.220 --> 00:54:27.420
happen. And within, not the first day,

00:54:27.420 --> 00:54:31.590
but by day two, there was some
waffling on some of the unions.

00:54:31.680 --> 00:54:33.360
The strike started on a Thursday.

00:54:33.420 --> 00:54:38.400
On the weekend some unions
said that they were going to

00:54:38.400 --> 00:54:41.850
authorize their members to
go back to work on Monday.

00:54:41.850 --> 00:54:45.900
There was a lot of people
going back to work on Tuesday.

00:54:46.230 --> 00:54:47.610
They called off the strike.

00:54:48.060 --> 00:54:50.190
Nothing changed. After the strike,

00:54:50.760 --> 00:54:54.720
the workers went back
to the places where they

00:54:55.560 --> 00:54:58.200
worked and asked for their jobs back.

00:54:58.680 --> 00:55:01.470
It broke a lot of those 110 unions.

00:55:01.980 --> 00:55:05.490
The employers refused to sign
another contract with saying,

00:55:05.490 --> 00:55:07.860
you broke your contract, now you pay for.

00:55:07.860 --> 00:55:10.800
It. And in the aftermath
of the general strike,

00:55:11.160 --> 00:55:14.880
there's not a sense of defeat in
the part of the A F F L unions,

00:55:14.880 --> 00:55:18.180
the Central Labor Council.
Instead, there's a sense of, look,

00:55:18.510 --> 00:55:20.280
we just pulled off this amazing thing,

00:55:20.280 --> 00:55:25.260
a completely nonviolent statement
of solidarity on behalf of some

00:55:25.265 --> 00:55:27.300
workers, all the other workers.

00:55:27.750 --> 00:55:32.460
So most of the leaders of
the Seattle Labor movement

00:55:33.540 --> 00:55:37.830
counted this as quite exciting and a
stepping stone to what they thought would

00:55:37.830 --> 00:55:40.620
be a still stronger
labor movement to come.

00:55:43.020 --> 00:55:47.700
General strikes are one
step away from revolution.

00:55:48.210 --> 00:55:52.860
And that was scary. The press
was no friend of the strikers.

00:55:53.700 --> 00:55:58.050
Labor had one friend in
Seattle in the press,

00:55:58.470 --> 00:56:00.270
and that's the Seattle Union record.

00:56:00.360 --> 00:56:04.830
Anna Louise strong of the union
record would also pay a price for her

00:56:04.835 --> 00:56:09.060
activism. She'll be
arrested after the strike.

00:56:09.270 --> 00:56:14.070
Specifically for the column she
wrote the union record comment,

00:56:14.520 --> 00:56:18.540
which was this kind of dog
whistle for revolution.

00:56:18.630 --> 00:56:23.530
Where's this thing going to go? And
that was scary. So she'll get arrested,

00:56:24.070 --> 00:56:28.510
they will drop the
charges and Anna will go

00:56:28.840 --> 00:56:33.340
to Russia where she'll write
several books supporting communism

00:56:34.150 --> 00:56:39.130
and eventually get in trouble there and
move to China where she will become a

00:56:39.135 --> 00:56:43.540
friend of and live
until her death in 1960.

00:56:45.130 --> 00:56:48.820
The I ww did not manage.
They didn't control.

00:56:48.820 --> 00:56:53.710
They weren't in any way the dominant
force behind the Seattle general strike,

00:56:54.430 --> 00:56:56.230
but they took a lot of the heat for it.

00:56:56.530 --> 00:57:00.550
The I W W appears to have played
only a peripheral role in the strike,

00:57:01.600 --> 00:57:02.920
looking for someone to blame.

00:57:03.250 --> 00:57:07.690
Authorities rated the Union Seattle
headquarters arresting 39 wobblies.

00:57:09.010 --> 00:57:13.330
One of the good things about the
strike was the lack of violence.

00:57:13.840 --> 00:57:15.400
It was a peaceful strike.

00:57:15.910 --> 00:57:20.710
The organizers worked very hard and sent
the word down the ranks that there were

00:57:20.710 --> 00:57:23.350
to be no violence. There
were no demonstrations.

00:57:23.350 --> 00:57:26.650
There was very little picketing.
It was a peaceful affair.

00:57:26.920 --> 00:57:29.650
And I think the credit goes to
the labor movement for that.

00:57:44.080 --> 00:57:47.740
Events in Centralia, Washington would
soon take the spotlight off Seattle,

00:57:48.250 --> 00:57:51.070
located along the Northern
Pacific Railroad tracks.

00:57:51.370 --> 00:57:54.850
The city operated as a hub for the
farming and logging industries.

00:57:55.540 --> 00:57:59.830
The presence of an I W W office
downtown was a gnawing reminder of their

00:57:59.830 --> 00:58:04.240
opposition to the war and
their participation in the
general strike earlier that

00:58:04.240 --> 00:58:05.073
year.

00:58:05.320 --> 00:58:07.690
So as the responsible townspeople,

00:58:08.140 --> 00:58:13.120
most of whom belonged to the Elks that

00:58:13.120 --> 00:58:17.230
decided it was time to run the
wobblies out of town. So 1918,

00:58:17.230 --> 00:58:21.370
April of 1918, they come out
of a parade, attack the hall,

00:58:21.970 --> 00:58:24.820
take everything that's in the
hall, throw it out in the street,

00:58:25.450 --> 00:58:30.220
burn it with the exception of a
desk that was auctioned off and

00:58:30.280 --> 00:58:34.120
typewriter. There was later on
an attempt to burn that building.

00:58:34.660 --> 00:58:36.370
Seldom backing down from a fight.

00:58:36.940 --> 00:58:41.710
The I WW returned to Centia in
September, 1919 and opened a

00:58:41.710 --> 00:58:45.850
union hall on the ground floor of the
Roderick Hotel on Tower Avenue downtown.

00:58:46.750 --> 00:58:50.050
Soon, rumors of a planned
attack reached the wobblies.

00:58:50.590 --> 00:58:54.850
They suspected it would come on the first
anniversary of the end of World War I.

00:58:55.420 --> 00:58:59.560
Armistice Day, November 11th,
when the city parade was planned,

00:59:00.310 --> 00:59:03.280
they were determined not to
be railroaded. A second time.

00:59:04.120 --> 00:59:08.950
Wobblies even went to the
point of soliciting legal

00:59:09.010 --> 00:59:09.820
advice.

00:59:09.820 --> 00:59:14.350
They went to the point of appealing to
the citizens with written statements

00:59:14.410 --> 00:59:17.380
asking for citizen help.
They got none of that.

00:59:17.680 --> 00:59:21.070
But they did ask the one attorney,

00:59:21.200 --> 00:59:25.520
the community that was sympathetic
to the wobbly position, Elmer Smith.

00:59:26.270 --> 00:59:29.780
They asked him what their legal status
was, could they defend the hall?

00:59:29.840 --> 00:59:31.220
And unfortunately,

00:59:31.490 --> 00:59:35.060
he advised them that not only
could they defend the hall,

00:59:35.240 --> 00:59:38.510
but left them with the impression that
they could do it from outside the hall.

00:59:39.470 --> 00:59:42.500
Assuming that they were
within their legal rights.

00:59:43.100 --> 00:59:47.630
The wobblies armed themselves, they
lined men up at the front window,

00:59:47.630 --> 00:59:48.500
armed men.

00:59:49.010 --> 00:59:53.720
They had other men across the
street in an upper floor of a hotel,

00:59:54.050 --> 00:59:57.170
as well as behind the
building on the seminary hill.

00:59:59.090 --> 01:00:03.560
The parade got underway at two o'clock
moving north along Tower Avenue.

01:00:04.220 --> 01:00:06.950
Hundreds of spectators lined
both sides of the street.

01:00:07.670 --> 01:00:11.930
But this classic American scene in
a small American town was suddenly

01:00:11.930 --> 01:00:16.820
interrupted when several Legionnaires
and army veterans broke ranks and veered

01:00:16.820 --> 01:00:17.750
towards the Roderick,

01:00:18.260 --> 01:00:22.610
not suspecting the presence of armed
men waiting both inside and outside the

01:00:22.610 --> 01:00:23.443
hotel.

01:00:24.080 --> 01:00:28.880
So one of the things about
Australia was a very patriotic town

01:00:29.270 --> 01:00:30.830
in a very patriotic time.

01:00:31.520 --> 01:00:36.050
And there's a parade and people
are celebrating and all of a sudden

01:00:37.550 --> 01:00:38.600
coming up the rear,

01:00:38.600 --> 01:00:42.800
the Legionnaire and some veterans
pulling up the rear veer off

01:00:43.550 --> 01:00:48.080
break ranks from the
parade and head to the I WW

01:00:48.080 --> 01:00:48.913
offices.

01:00:49.970 --> 01:00:53.840
Now, that was probably the
worst mistake that was made in,

01:00:53.840 --> 01:00:55.580
if you look at it from the two sides,

01:00:55.850 --> 01:01:00.530
both sides being correct and both
sides being wrong in what happened.

01:01:00.860 --> 01:01:04.730
The shooting started when the attackers
smashed in the door and broke windows.

01:01:05.240 --> 01:01:06.950
Wobblies positioned at the windows,

01:01:06.980 --> 01:01:11.720
including the radical labor activist
Wesley Everest shot into the

01:01:11.720 --> 01:01:12.553
mob,

01:01:13.010 --> 01:01:17.540
hearing the gunfire from inside the men
across the street and on Seminary Hill

01:01:17.660 --> 01:01:22.550
joined in the gunfire killing three
Legionnaires and wounding several others.

01:01:23.780 --> 01:01:27.800
So what happened within the hall
itself? When the shooting started,

01:01:28.370 --> 01:01:32.990
it became apparent rather quickly
that there were guys in the

01:01:32.990 --> 01:01:37.040
hall that were both armed and unarmed
that didn't want anything to do with it.

01:01:37.340 --> 01:01:41.810
I mean, when it really went down, they
wanted out of there. Now, Wesley Everest,

01:01:42.020 --> 01:01:46.220
he was a militant from a long
way back for good reason.

01:01:46.310 --> 01:01:49.520
He had been treated badly
in a number of incidences.

01:01:49.850 --> 01:01:53.300
He was willing to take a stand
and die for what he believed,

01:01:53.510 --> 01:01:58.430
and that's why he was probably
willing to kill. As a part of that,

01:01:58.490 --> 01:01:59.420
taking a stand.

01:01:59.420 --> 01:02:03.980
And as EERs comes out the back and
around the corner into the alleyway,

01:02:04.370 --> 01:02:06.860
he runs into two Legionnaires
that are coming the other way.

01:02:07.220 --> 01:02:09.740
He shoots both of 'em. They both go down.

01:02:10.130 --> 01:02:14.900
He then turns and he's making his
escape and he's escaping north out of

01:02:15.680 --> 01:02:20.010
headed for the Skookumchuck River
and hoping to cross the river. Well,

01:02:20.015 --> 01:02:23.460
he gets into the river realizing
he's wearing heavy boots,

01:02:23.940 --> 01:02:27.090
but he makes the decision that he's not
going to swim this river in November

01:02:27.480 --> 01:02:28.440
with a pair of boots on.

01:02:29.040 --> 01:02:33.930
With the posse quickly approaching
Everest with a long held mistrust of

01:02:33.930 --> 01:02:37.530
law enforcement, decided he
had no choice but to surrender.

01:02:38.910 --> 01:02:43.530
And Wesley Evers says, if there's law
enforcement amongst you, actually,

01:02:43.530 --> 01:02:46.800
he says, if there's a bull
amongst you, I will surrender.

01:02:47.580 --> 01:02:51.450
Hubbard continues to point the
gun at him and walk towards him.

01:02:51.450 --> 01:02:55.110
So Wesley Evers shoots Dale Hubbard.

01:02:55.860 --> 01:02:59.400
Dale Hubbard goes down,
Wesley Evers shoots him again,

01:03:00.930 --> 01:03:03.630
then he shoots him again. That point,

01:03:03.900 --> 01:03:06.990
if you really look at it
from a legal standpoint,

01:03:07.170 --> 01:03:10.920
Wesley Evers probably could have made
the argument that he was acting in

01:03:10.920 --> 01:03:15.450
self-defense because he was
being pursued by rabid mob.

01:03:15.700 --> 01:03:17.190
But the second time he shot,

01:03:17.430 --> 01:03:19.470
the first time he shot a man
that was down that was murdered.

01:03:20.250 --> 01:03:22.320
The second time he shot him,
that was murdered twice.

01:03:22.830 --> 01:03:24.360
Deputies subdued Everest,

01:03:24.630 --> 01:03:29.460
beat him severely and dragged him
to the Centra jail. As knight fell,

01:03:29.700 --> 01:03:31.380
centra began to rage.

01:03:32.040 --> 01:03:36.510
Call went out for 50 deputies to round
up the remaining wobblies and more than

01:03:36.510 --> 01:03:40.260
200 showed up worried events
were getting out of hand.

01:03:40.890 --> 01:03:44.490
Relia Mayor TC Rogers requested
help from the National Guard.

01:03:45.600 --> 01:03:50.370
It arrived too late to help Everest
Vigilantes cut off power to the jail and

01:03:50.370 --> 01:03:55.260
then stormed in demanding that the lone
deputy on duty hand over his prisoner,

01:03:56.100 --> 01:03:57.270
they hustled him outside,

01:03:57.720 --> 01:04:02.010
forced him into the backseat of a waiting
car and drove him to a bridge over the

01:04:02.015 --> 01:04:02.848
Chehalis River.

01:04:03.690 --> 01:04:07.590
The essence of the story is that when
they got to the Melon Street Bridge,

01:04:07.620 --> 01:04:11.400
they threw a rope up over with one of the
girders and put it around his neck and

01:04:11.400 --> 01:04:14.640
shoved him over the side. And the
story is that that didn't kill him,

01:04:14.645 --> 01:04:16.770
didn't break his neck.
So they pulled him up,

01:04:16.770 --> 01:04:19.800
put a longer rope on it
and kicked him over again.

01:04:19.800 --> 01:04:21.720
And that snapped his neck and killed him.

01:04:22.260 --> 01:04:26.700
The crowd roared as the enraged men
repeatedly shot into the swinging

01:04:26.700 --> 01:04:31.350
corpse. Participants in the lynching
were never questioned or prosecuted.

01:04:32.250 --> 01:04:33.420
The Mellon Street Bridge,

01:04:33.840 --> 01:04:37.560
forever known as Hangman's
Bridge was replaced in 1959.

01:04:44.330 --> 01:04:49.170
There were six men dead. Three of 'em
died immediately. They were Legionnaires.

01:04:49.500 --> 01:04:53.220
The fourth one, Dale Hubbard, of
course Wesley Evers is number five.

01:04:53.225 --> 01:04:55.980
He dies later that night.
And then two days later,

01:04:56.160 --> 01:05:00.520
the deputy sheriff that is
shot in a search outside of

01:05:00.570 --> 01:05:01.403
Centia.

01:05:01.680 --> 01:05:05.880
And it was a friendly fire between
two elements of the search party.

01:05:07.620 --> 01:05:12.570
The trial was relocated
to Grace Harbor County

01:05:13.140 --> 01:05:18.040
from Centia because there was
no chance of them getting a fair

01:05:18.040 --> 01:05:22.990
trial in Centralia. Blood was
running high, people were upset.

01:05:23.170 --> 01:05:25.750
And it turns into a media circus,

01:05:26.170 --> 01:05:30.700
kind of the 19th century
version of the OJ Simpson trial.

01:05:31.810 --> 01:05:35.650
And it had a colorful
defense attorneys as well.

01:05:35.950 --> 01:05:40.570
A man by the name of George
Vandeveer defended the central

01:05:41.500 --> 01:05:44.380
defendants and he throughout his career,

01:05:44.740 --> 01:05:49.630
will defend over a hundred wobblies
in various trials including

01:05:49.630 --> 01:05:51.550
the Everett Massacre trial.

01:05:52.300 --> 01:05:56.860
The trial of the Wobblies presided
over by Judge John Wilson became a

01:05:56.860 --> 01:05:58.450
full-blown media circus.

01:05:59.230 --> 01:06:02.560
Most locals saw the shootings as
nothing short of a ruthless slaughter of

01:06:02.565 --> 01:06:03.398
innocent men.

01:06:04.180 --> 01:06:07.660
The fact they intended to destroy
private property was beside the point.

01:06:08.530 --> 01:06:09.760
Nothing justified murder.

01:06:10.270 --> 01:06:15.160
And in their mind the I w W
was a prime evil and evil will

01:06:15.160 --> 01:06:16.930
thrive when left unchecked.

01:06:17.860 --> 01:06:21.430
Among those who testified was
Legionnaire and World War I,

01:06:21.435 --> 01:06:25.090
veteran Eugene Fitzer, who was
shot in the leg during the gunfire,

01:06:25.990 --> 01:06:29.560
prosecutors indicted 11
men, including Elmer Smith,

01:06:29.565 --> 01:06:32.620
the attorney who had advised the
wobblies of their rights to defend their

01:06:32.620 --> 01:06:35.290
property under the state's
Stand Your Ground Laws.

01:06:36.670 --> 01:06:40.900
Following 47 days of conflicting
testimony and sensational news coverage,

01:06:41.350 --> 01:06:43.360
the jury took two days to reach a verdict.

01:06:43.990 --> 01:06:47.860
They acquitted Smith and another
defendant and found a third man guilty but

01:06:47.860 --> 01:06:52.630
insane. Eight defendants were found
guilty of first or second degree murder.

01:06:53.380 --> 01:06:57.100
The jury found one defendant guilty
of murder in the third degree and

01:06:57.105 --> 01:06:58.540
recommended a light sentence.

01:06:59.470 --> 01:07:04.090
Judge Wilson informed the jury that there
was no such charge and was in no mood

01:07:04.090 --> 01:07:08.650
for leniency, handing out
sentences from 25 to 40 years.

01:07:10.360 --> 01:07:14.830
Justice was swift. Interestingly,
Elmer Smith, the attorney,

01:07:15.520 --> 01:07:18.910
he will be charged with
conspiracy to commit murder.

01:07:19.330 --> 01:07:23.230
He'll be one of those that is
acquitted, but nevertheless,

01:07:23.440 --> 01:07:26.500
he'll spend the next
year defending himself.

01:07:27.070 --> 01:07:32.020
He'll also then dedicate the next
many years of his life helping the

01:07:32.020 --> 01:07:36.280
wobblies that are convicted that are
in prison get shortened sentences.

01:07:49.690 --> 01:07:54.310
One of the things I suppose that the
labor movement struggles with right now is

01:07:54.315 --> 01:07:59.050
I don't know that it really
has a sense of itself and its

01:07:59.050 --> 01:08:02.920
potential that we have
narrowed our understanding of

01:08:03.760 --> 01:08:08.740
what our historic task is to just
good jobs and wages and benefits that

01:08:08.740 --> 01:08:13.390
we've kind of reverted back into the
old sort of bread and butter unionism

01:08:13.930 --> 01:08:15.860
of a century ago.

01:08:16.820 --> 01:08:19.730
While the labor wars of the Northwest
were a low point for the movement,

01:08:20.300 --> 01:08:24.890
it would reach new heights. In succeeding
decades, major victories and wages,

01:08:25.250 --> 01:08:26.083
hours,

01:08:26.120 --> 01:08:30.710
workplace safety and retirement benefited
tens of millions of working men and

01:08:30.715 --> 01:08:31.670
women of America.

01:08:32.390 --> 01:08:36.890
The 1955 merger of the American
Federation of Labor and the

01:08:36.890 --> 01:08:41.630
Congress of Industrial Organizations
created something like the I W W vision

01:08:41.810 --> 01:08:44.270
of one Big Union. That year,

01:08:44.810 --> 01:08:48.080
37% of American workers
belonged to a union.

01:08:49.130 --> 01:08:53.330
But it's been a long slide
downhill ever since. And by 2016,

01:08:53.750 --> 01:08:58.460
union membership sank to less
than 11% in recent decades.

01:08:58.850 --> 01:09:03.560
Growing anti-union sentiment and a score
of state laws and Supreme Court rulings

01:09:03.740 --> 01:09:05.810
have awakened workers to a harsh reality.

01:09:06.560 --> 01:09:10.790
Gains made in the past may not
prevail in the future. Today,

01:09:11.090 --> 01:09:15.710
a younger generation of
workers are fueling a new
form of militancy as they look

01:09:15.710 --> 01:09:17.450
to their violent past for answers.

01:09:17.450 --> 01:09:21.620
In shaping a peaceful future
to keep labor history alive,

01:09:22.010 --> 01:09:26.180
leaders in Washington gather each Labor
Day at the grave site of Ralph Chaplin

01:09:26.360 --> 01:09:31.040
and his wife Edith and Tacoma to honor
his contributions and sing his music.

01:09:33.140 --> 01:09:35.960
Oh, you can't scare me.
I'm sticking with you.

01:09:37.220 --> 01:09:38.240
I'm sticking with.

01:09:38.240 --> 01:09:38.810
The union.

01:09:38.810 --> 01:09:42.260
I think the I WW had it figured out a
long time ago when they said an injury to

01:09:42.260 --> 01:09:43.190
one is an injury to all,

01:09:44.390 --> 01:09:49.100
and then acted on it that it's not just
like a catchy slogan as working people.

01:09:49.190 --> 01:09:53.510
And our history of struggle is that
we don't have to reinvent the wheel.

01:09:54.050 --> 01:09:55.310
An injury to one is injured at all.

01:09:55.340 --> 01:09:58.580
We are all leaders working class and the
employing class have nothing in common.

01:09:59.960 --> 01:10:04.101
Those aren't just good slogans, but that
they help frame our understanding for

01:10:05.930 --> 01:10:08.720
who we are, what the
reality of the situation is,

01:10:08.750 --> 01:10:13.280
and concretely what we need
to do, how to go forward.

01:10:13.460 --> 01:10:17.330
And what we have to learn to do
is to democratize their Capital

01:10:18.830 --> 01:10:21.710
One billionaire a thousand millionaires.

01:10:24.410 --> 01:10:28.490
We are students of history, many of us,

01:10:30.260 --> 01:10:34.610
and we look back on Selma's
life and give thanks.

01:10:36.170 --> 01:10:40.320
Ralph was one of those
persons and so was Edith. And

01:10:41.960 --> 01:10:46.760
their life was very important
to us. He went to jail.

01:10:50.000 --> 01:10:51.230
He was a wobbly,

01:10:53.090 --> 01:10:57.200
he was a worker in our
unions here in the state,

01:10:58.250 --> 01:10:59.840
in city of Tacoma.

01:11:02.000 --> 01:11:03.770
So it's good to remember him

01:11:05.810 --> 01:11:10.340
and give thanks for
what he has done for us.

01:11:12.560 --> 01:11:16.650
Read a history of the state of Washington
and I dare you to show me a strike.

01:11:17.430 --> 01:11:19.830
Go to Nia. Go to Everett. Go to Aberdeen,

01:11:20.370 --> 01:11:24.090
across the hump to Yakima. Ask them,

01:11:24.090 --> 01:11:26.880
anybody there that's gone
through school or high school?

01:11:26.880 --> 01:11:29.220
Did you ever have any
strikes in the state? No.

01:11:30.480 --> 01:11:34.290
Labor didn't make history. Labor
didn't improve these conditions.

01:11:34.530 --> 01:11:39.270
Men didn't give up their lives for
this cause. Only the stuffed shirts,

01:11:39.270 --> 01:11:40.830
the big shots. If you please,

01:11:41.340 --> 01:11:45.750
when you see the story of the I W A

01:11:47.070 --> 01:11:48.990
in one volume complete,

01:11:49.860 --> 01:11:54.690
you're going to read one of the most
amazing stories that was ever put down in

01:11:54.690 --> 01:11:56.880
little black marks on white paper.

01:11:57.780 --> 01:12:02.220
Because labor must remain
organized. Either that or go under.

01:12:03.060 --> 01:12:04.920
And now goodbye. Thank you
a lot. And God bless you.

01:12:28.580 --> 01:12:31.920
So be with us now. Bless us.

01:12:32.700 --> 01:12:36.960
Bless our work, and be
with us now and forever.

01:12:38.520 --> 01:12:39.353
Amen.

01:12:39.810 --> 01:12:44.340
And we'll sing the sin at
the end of this right now.

01:12:44.730 --> 01:12:47.040
Solitary forever.

01:12:49.550 --> 01:12:53.320
When the union's inspiration
through the workers,

01:12:53.670 --> 01:12:57.520
luck shall run. There can be power greater

01:13:01.450 --> 01:13:04.040
earth people.

01:13:04.900 --> 01:13:06.960
The one the union

01:13:23.990 --> 01:13:24.823
forever

01:13:30.810 --> 01:13:35.550
there is that we hold in
common with the greedy parasite

01:13:35.640 --> 01:13:40.000
that would lash us in the Surfman
would crush us with his night.

01:13:40.460 --> 01:13:42.120
Is there anything left?

01:13:43.060 --> 01:13:47.600
To organize the fight
for the union makes us

01:13:47.605 --> 01:13:48.438
strong.

01:13:50.850 --> 01:13:52.920
Solidarity forever.

01:13:55.530 --> 01:13:56.363
Solidarity.

01:14:00.050 --> 01:14:01.840
Solidarity. Forever.

01:14:03.750 --> 01:14:06.180
The union makes us strong.

01:14:07.800 --> 01:14:12.760
Is it We who plow the prairies built
the same is where they trade out

01:14:12.765 --> 01:14:16.520
of the minds and built the workshops
and the smiles of red over away.

01:14:16.980 --> 01:14:21.720
Now we stand Outcast Star Mr. Wonders. But

01:14:28.670 --> 01:14:33.520
Forever. Forever, forever.

01:14:35.900 --> 01:14:38.080
Saw the forever

01:14:39.700 --> 01:14:42.640
for the young US strong.

Main content

Labor Wars of the Northwest

Citation

Main credits

Other credits

Docuseek subjects

Distributor subjects

Keywords