01:01:06:20 / 01:01:15.11  : Archive Singapour -  One Million Trees Movement:

- Hi, I'm Sui Ann,

- Hi, I'm Beverly.

- And I'm Gervais.

And together with our friends we're going to show you how  to... plant a tree!

01:01:15:14 : 

Archive The Million Tree Challenge - ONG:

100 companies; 1 million trees,

01:01:23:19 / 01:01:37:18 :          

Forrest Fleischman:

In the last decade or so, I started to hear a lot more in the news media about planting trees and growing trees,as a sort of solution to a lot of problemes that people were facing in the world.

01:01:40:12

Jutta Kill, Mouvement mondial pour les forêts tropicales :
Bäume pflanzen ist immer die perfekte PR opportunity. Da kann man ein schönes Bild machen. Der Baum wird gepflanzt, er ist in der Erde. Das Medienteam reist ab. Aber die schönen Bilder vom Bäume pflanzen, die sind da.

01:01:40:12

Jutta Kill, Mouvement mondial pour les forêts tropicales :

Tree planting is the perfect  communication operation.  We can do a great photo. The tree is planted in the ground. Then the film crew leave. But the pretty planting photos remain.

Archive Youtubeur

Mr Beast:  “ Today we will be planting 20 million trees.”

01:02:00:08 / 01:02:06.04 : 

Justin Trudeau:

Two billion trees. It's part of our plan for a clean, green future.

01:02:06:07 / 01:02:12.22 

Donald Trump :

Today, I'm pleased to announce the United States will join the One Trillion Trees initiative.

01:02:12:19 / 01:02:29:19  :        

Pr. Simon Lewis, University College London :

Trees are really popular because people really like nature in general.

And planting a tree is... it's an investment in a better future. But I also think there is a hype and there is a kind of dark side to this tree-planting.

01:03:27:03

Boris Johnson

Premier Ministre, Royaume-Uni:

Let's work together, not just to protect the forests, but also to ensure that the forests return. Thank you very much.

01:03:58:16 / 01:04:34:16            

Prof. Simon Lewis :

There has been a big focus on forest restoration.And when I looked at these pledges that countries were making,I saw that many of them weren't the sort of restoration people had in mind of beautiful, high biodiversity, permanently protected forests.

They were commercial plantations to grow fast-growing crops,cut them down after a few years and pass those trees to the pulp and paper industry.And that's not reforestation that people have in their minds when they see these campaigns to say "Let's plant trees!"

01:04:57:02            

MATTHEW FAGAN

University of Maryland, USA :

A lot of my work is around

mapping forests understanding why

forests are changing and looking at the human landscapes which surround them and affect them. We gathered up

a lot of satellite images, we gathered up a lot of available data on where tree plantations are and trying to track a tree plantation expansion. They were everywhere.

Between 1990 and 2000 it grew 50%.

China has doubled its tree-cover,in 40 years. Primarily by planting vast

monocultures of tipper tree species. India, same thing,on a tropical scale. 

Their area and their dominance and their replacement of natural forests has been growing like this in recent years.

01:06 :34 :06 / 01:07 :29 :08 DOUGLAS LAZARETTI

Directeur exécutif, Suzano :

Nós estamos aqui no viveiro de Três Lagoas.
Esse é um viveiro com uma capacidade de 35 milhões de mudas por ano.
Parece muito, mas quando nós olhamos essa quantidade de mudas aqui que nós temos nessa, apenas nessa região, eu diria para você que é o necessário para a Suzano plantar um dia de floresta apenas do que a gente faz no Brasil.E hoje a gente planta em torno de 1,2 milhão de árvores por dia.

Essa é a nossa muda de eucalipto, de onde parte todo o nosso ciclo de produção. Ele tem um ciclo muito rápido. Então, essa mudinha aqui, de pouco mais de 30 centímetros, em seis anos, ela vai se tornar uma árvore com mais de 25 metros.

  01:06 :34 :06 / 01:07 :29 :08

DOUGLAS LAZARETTI

Directeur exécutif, Suzano :

We are here at the Três Lagoas nursery. 

This nursery has an annual  capacity of 35 millions plants.

That may sound a lot, but if we look at the quantity  of seedlings around us, it's just what Suzano needs to plant for a day in Brazil. And today we plant around 1.2 million trees per day. 

Here's a eucalyptus plant at the origin of our whole production cycle. It's very fast-growing. So this little tree 30cm tall will reach 25 meters  within six years.

01:08 :08 :10              

JUTTA KILL
Mouvement mondial pour les forêts tropicales :

Der Verbrauch von Papier, insbesondere aber der Verbrauch von Verpackungsmaterial ist in den letzten zehn Jahren enorm gestiegen. Die Basis von Verpackungsmaterial ist Zellulose, Zellstoff und je mehr Zellstoff wir verbrauchen, desto mehr Plantagen braucht es natürlich auch, um diese Dienstleistung herzustellen.

01:08 :08 :10              

JUTTA KILL
Mouvement mondial pour les forêts tropicales :

Paper consumption, but mainly the consumption of packaging materials, have increased enormously over the past ten years. The basis of packaging materials is cellulose, paper pulp.

The more paper pulp we consume, the more tree plantations are needed to produce this pulp.

01:09:11:05/ 01:09:47:00  

Mandy Pataxó : 

Sou Mãndy Pataxó.

Sou cacique da aldeia Rio do Cahy.

Mãndi significa o mucuçu,

é um peixe do rio Caí.

O povo pataxó é o povo que...

que busca

o equilíbrio do meio ambiente,

busca equilíbrio das águas,

equilíbrio da flora, equilíbrio da fauna...

O equilíbrio do bom viver.

01:09:11:05/ 01:09:47:00  

Mandy Pataxó : 

I'm Mandy Pataxo. I'm the village chief of Rio Cai. Mandy is the name of a fish in the River Cai. The Pataxos seek harmony  with the environment, harmony with water, flora, fauna... the balance of a harmonious life.

01:10:10.01/ 01:10 :27 :02  

Mandy Pataxó :

Eucalipto.Em todo o período da história,desde o período colonial até os dias de hoje, a gente vem sofrendo vários tipos de ataques e massacres,e um dos maiores massacres que a gente está sofrendo na atualidade é o eucalipto plantado dentro da terra indígena.

01:10:10.01/ 01:10 :27 :02  

Mandy Pataxó :

Eucalyptus. Throughout history, from colonization to now, we have suffered attacks  and massacres. But one of the worst, from which we suffer today, is eucalyptus, planted on our homelands.

01:10:48.05 / 01:11:19.21  

Mandy Pataxó :

O monocultivo de eucalipto, para nós, é um deserto verde. Vira areia, a terra vira areia. Não tem humidade, não tem húmus,não tem isca aqui, não tem filhote aqui. Aqui não germina, não produz,não produz árvores nativas da Mata Atlântica,que dá alimento,que dá água, que dá vida. Aqui dá eucalipto que da morte.

01:10:48.05 / 01:11:19.21  

Mandy Pataxó :

To us, a eucalyptus monoculture is like a greendesert. The Earth turns into sand, with no humidity, no humus, no worms, no seeds... Here, it doesn't germinate, it doesn't produce Mata Atlantica native trees that bring food, water and life. Here, eucalyptus is the killer.

01:11:41:18 / 01:12:21.07           

Prof. Matthew Fagan, Université du Maryland : 

Culturally, to a lot of people a tree is a tree. It doesn't really occur to them that it matters what kind of tree. And so I think there's just a lot of, you know, "Does it really matter, "the difference between a forest and a plantation?" "Is this really grave? It's a forest."

What do we mean by forest? Is a forest just the trees? No, it's a habitat, it's an ecosystem. So you have vines and shrubs and wildlife and mushrooms, all sorts of things that make up a forest. Whereas a true plantation is typically a monoculture with a purpose, and everything else in the forest is un-needed for that purpose.

01:12:45 :00 / 01:13:06.23  

Mandy Pataxó : ​​

Essa aqui,é uma árvore que se chama Joerana. Da Joerana a gente extrai a semente para fazer o artesanato. Da Joerana a gente faz a nossa embarcação com a nossa canoa de pesca. Da Joerana que a gente tira vários apoios para dar a força da nossa cultura. 

01:12:45 :00 / 01:13:06.23  

Mandy Pataxó :
Here's one. A tree called Joerana.

We use its seeds to make jewelry. We also use it to make our boats and fishing canoes. The Joerana is indispensable to the strength of our culture.

01:13:10:00               

Ingrid Pataxó : 

Esse é o tupumirim. Olha. Desse daqui que a gente faz nossas flechas, que a gente luta pelo nosso território, contra os fazendeiros, contra os pistoleiros, essas daqui, que é a ferramenta nossa também. A gente não vai com arma de fogo, mas com a força do maraca e a nossa força da floresta também, né?

01:13:10:00               

Ingrid Pataxó : 

This one is the tupumirim. Look. This is the one we make arrows from.

We must fight to defend our territory against the landowners and the armed militia, so we defend ourselves like this. We don't go in with firearms but with the strength of the maraca and the forest.

01:13:33:03 / 01:13:57.15               

Mandy Pataxó : 

Aqui nessa terra ela tem vida. Ela tem raízes diversificada. Ela tem medicina nessas raízes, tem seiva. Aqui tá molhado. Essa é a mata verdadeira, isso que a gente precisa.Não a terra seca do eucalipto.

01:13:33:03 / 01:13:57.15               

Mandy Pataxó : 

Here, in this earth, there is life. There are roots, very diversified. These roots have many medicinal properties from the sap. It's humid here. This is real forest, the one that we need, not eucalyptus dry land.

1:14:02:14 / 01:14:22 :19           

Prof. Matthew Fagan, Université du Maryland : 

92% of the expansion of tree plantations that we saw occurred in biodiversity hotspots. Those are mainly concentrated in Southeast Asi and in southern Brazil. 

So these are broad eco-regions but within them they contain a very high percentage of the world's biodiversity. So this was alarming to us.

01:15:04.00 / 01:16:07.16  

GISELDA DURIGAN 

Écologue - IPA São Paulo, Brésil : 

O Cerrado foi menos estudado do que as florestas, mas agora já sabemos que tem mais espécies de plantas conhecidas no cerrado do que na floresta amazônica. Vale chamar a atenção de que cada sete espécies de plantas, uma é árvore no Cerrado. As outras são capins, ervas, arbustos, subarbustos. Então, a biodiversidade da savana brasileira não está nas árvores. Está especialmente em todas as outras plantas pequenas que ocupam o território. Então, esses ambientes abertos são muito anteriores à existência de humanos no planeta. Não são florestas degradadas. E esse equilíbrio entre

cobertura de arvores e cobertura de capins é a cara de uma savana.

01:15:04.00 / 01:16:07.16  

GISELDA DURIGAN 

Écologue - IPA São Paulo, Brésil : 

The Cerrado was studied less than the forests, but we know today that there are more plant species in the Cerrado than in Amazonia. And you should know that  for every seven plant species, only one is a tree in the Cerrado. The others are grasses, shrubs and subshrubs. In the Brazilian savanna, biodiversity is not found in the trees. It is mainly in all the other little plants which occupy the territory. These open environments predate the existence of humans on the planet. These are not degraded forests. And this balance between tree cover and the grassy cover is the face of a savanna.

01:16:07.16 / 01:16:27.21   

Giselda Durigan, écologue, IPE São Paulo :  

O Cerrado abriga as nascentes de oito das 8 grandes regiões hidrográficas do Brasil. E que está a mina de ouro que dá água, que abastece o país inteiro praticamente.

01:16:07.16 / 01:16:27.21   

Giselda Durigan, écologue, IPE São Paulo :  

The Cerrado is home to the springs of the eight main hydrographic regions of Brazil. It's here that you find the gold mine which supplies almost the whole country with water.

01:16:47.00 / 01:17:35.18    

Giselda Durigan, écologue, IPE São Paulo :  

Agora nós temos aqui 1000 árvores de eucalipto por hectare, com as raízes extraindo água de 12 metros de profundidade. Então não precisa dominar muito os cálculos para saber que o volume de água que um eucalipto extrai do solo é gigante. O nível do lençol freático vai baixando. Já é profundo no Cerrado, mas ele vai afundar ainda mais. Então não é incomum que sequem as nascentes. Em períodos de seca extrema, eu já vi milhares de hectares de silvicultura com todas as árvores mortas, porque acabou a água, acabou a água do sistema.

01:16:47.00 / 01:17:35.18    

Giselda Durigan, écologue, IPE São Paulo :  

Here we have 1,000 eucalyptus per hectare, whose roots draw water  from a depth of 12 meters. It doesn't take a genius  in mathematics to see that the volume of water pumped by the eucalyptus is enormous. The water table level is dropping, it is already very deep in the savanna, but it drops even further. So it's not rare for these springs to dry up. In periods of extreme drought, I've seen thousands of hectares of plantations where all the trees were dead, because the water ran out. There was no more water.

01:17:40:12 /01:17:57.10             

Prof. Matthew Fagan, écologue, Université du Maryland :

Eucalyptus is one of the world's most commonly planted trees. Between it and pine and acacia, you have the kind of a three big. Eucalyptus is fast-growing. It's relatively tolerant. The only problem is that it tends to catch fire.

01:19:01.00 / 01:19:41.07  

DINA DUARTE 

Association des victimes de l’incendie de Pedrogão Grande : 

Em junho de 2017 aconteceu o que era perfeitamente inesperado e que nunca julgaríamos que pudesse acontecer no nosso território, nesta zona. Foi um dia extremamente quente, amanheceu logo muito, muito quente com muito vento, e percebemos que se existisse uma fonte de ignição, se existisse um pequeno, uma pequena fogueira que eventualmente poderia vir a correr muito mal. Infelizmente foi o que aconteceu. Por volta das 14 e as 15h00 há um incêndio que deflagrou nos escalos. E nesse dia, infelizmente, tudo correu mal.

01:19:01.00 / 01:19:41.07  

DINA DUARTE 

Association des victimes de l’incendie de Pedrogão Grande : 

In June 2017, the unthinkable happened. 

No one could have imagined  what happened in our region. It was an extremely hot day with a lot of wind. 

You already felt that if a fire  were to break out somewhere, it could have tragic consequences. Unfortunately that's what happened between 2 and 3pm. 

A fire broke out in a hamlet. Unfortunately, that day everything went wrong.

01:19:41:07

Archives :

-   Vamos embora. Preciosa, vamos embora.

-   Preciso de encontrar o meu marido.

-   Logo ele está lá pra cima, vamos embora.

-   Aqui é a do carro aqui.

-   vai se embora.

-   Praia fluvial.

01:19:41:07

Archives :

• Preciosa, we must leave.
• I must find my husband.
• He must be up there.  Come on!
• No, he's still here! His car's still here!
• We must leave, now!
• Go to the river!

01:40:02.13 /01:20:38.10    

Dina Duarte, association des victimes de l’incendie de Pedrogão Grande  :

O incêndio foi tomando proporção, foi crescendo e toma uma tamanha proporção que... criou as condições… as pessoas entraram em pânico. E a experiência que nós tínhamos dos incêndios não tinha nada a ver com o que aconteceu naquele dia. Algumas pessoas optaram por ficar dentro das casas e fecharem se nas casas porque se consideraram mais seguras.

01:40:02.13 /01:20:38.10    

Dina Duarte, association des victimes de l’incendie de Pedrogão Grande  :

The fire took shape, it spread...It grew to such proportions that...

Conditions were such that people began to panic.

The experience we had of fires did not compare with what happened that day.

Some had chosen to remain indoors and lock themselves away, 

thinking they'd be safe.

01:21:22.00 / 01:22:34.17  

José Paes, ingénieur forestier : 

Salamandra lusitanica. Em Portugal e na Galiza só. Tem uma pele que precisa estar sempre húmida. Num eucaliptal ela morria. Não há humidade suficiente, não há um solo fofo, não há abrigos. Ela tem que estar sempre com a pele protegida.

Aqui percebemos o que é que aconteceu no grande incêndio. E estamos a falar de quilómetros que arderam, menos esta mancha. Esta mancha não ardeu. Porquê?No meio de tudo que aconteceu ? Tem outras árvores. E prova que até no pior incêndio há árvores ou seja, sozinhas que não resistem, mas em bosque associadas e em mistura não arderam.

Vemos carvalhos arderam e morreram e logo por trás as outras mantiveram se verdes. O fogo vem com uma intensidade enorme. As árvores têm resistência ao incêndio e abrandam a chama e baixam o volume das chamas, baixam a temperatura e já não ardem as outras que estão a seguir. A assência de florestas deste tipo fazem toda a diferença.

01:21:22.00 / 01:22:34.17  

José Paes, ingénieur forestier : 

The Lusitania salamander, only found in Portugal and Galicia, must always have moist skin. It would die in a eucalyptus plantation because there isn't the required moisture, no loose soil, no shelter, so its skin must always be protected. 

Here, we understand what happened in the great fire. They talk of kilometers that burned, except for this spot. 

Why didn't it burn in the middle of the fire? Because there are other trees. Proof that even in the worst fires, trees cannot resist alone, but in a group in mixed forests, they didn't burn.

Trees resist fire and soften the flames, reducing the flames' volume, lowering the temperature, and preventing the next trees from burning. The existence of forests of this type makes all the difference.

01:22:58.17 / 01:23:03.17  

Joám Evans :

¿Hay alguien que maneje motosierra? Porque tenemos aquí una libre. Ya tenemos una máquina libre.

01:22:58.17 / 01:23:03.17  

Joám Evans :

Who knows how to use a chainsaw?

There's one here.

01:23:18.24 / 01:23:44.09  

JOÁM EVANS

Brigades d’éradication des eucalyptus :

Y estamos aquí con 40 voluntarios, que vamos a quitar eucaliptos. La idea es conservar lo poco que había de bosque autóctono, algunos carballos, algunos castañeros, y en el próximo invierno, poder plantar y recuperar toda esta zona. Siempre decimos que debajo del eucalipto está un carballo, el bosque nativo.

01:23:18.24 / 01:23:44.09  

JOÁM EVANS

Brigades d’éradication des eucalyptus :

We're around 40 volunteers, and we chop down eucalyptus. The idea is, while preserving the little native forest there is—oaks, chestnut trees—to plant in the coming winters in order to reclaim this area. We always say that under the eucalyptus, there's an oak grove, the native forest.

01:23:56 :19/  01:24:22.12 

Une brigadiste :  

Hombre, esto ya fue bien. Le estamos quitando la corteza hasta llegar a esta parte blanquita que es húmeda, que es por donde pasa la savia y todas estas erosiones que se le van haciendo, se le van metiendo bichos, le entran los hongos y todo eso. Y a ver si así dobla. Porque sino, rebrotaría. El eucalipto rebrota mucho.

01:23:56 :19/  01:24:22.12 

Une brigadiste :  

That one was tough! We strip the bark until we get to this wet, whitish part through which the sap passes. All these scratches filter the insects and fungi, and we hope that'll kill it! Otherwise, they grow back easily.

01:24:28.24/ 01:25:05.07 

Joám Evans, fondateur des Brigades d’éradication des eucalyptus : 

Las brigadas nacieron después de los incendios. Después de esa experiencia traumática. Había un sentido muy grande de impotencia. Botaba la culpa. Las comunidades, los propietarios,la administración... Pero digamos que realmente no parecía haber nada que la gente pudiese hacer directamente. Entonces las brigadas lo que crearon es un espacio de intervención positiva, donde la gente puede ser agente, pueden realmente... intervenir con sus manos, con su trabajo, su iniciativa, para cambiar esa situación.

01:24:28.24/ 01:25:05.07 

Joám Evans, fondateur des Brigades d’éradication des eucalyptus : 

The brigades were born after the fires. After this traumatic experience, there was a strong feeling of helplessness. Everyone blamed each other—the communities, the owners, the administration. We felt like we couldn't do anything concrete. So the brigades created a positive action space where people could act and intervene with their hands, their work, and their initiative to change the situation.

01:25:23.00/ 01:25:31.17  

Joam Evans : 

-   El truco es tirarlo por arriba. No se puede sacar al árbol. ¿Vale?

Si. Pasé desde la prueba de algodón.

01:25:23.00/ 01:25:31.17  

Joam Evans : 

Here's a tip: when you pull the tree it shouldn't come out of its hole!

Do the Excalibur test!

01:25:35.00

Un brigadiste : 

-   Si, puedes tirar.

01:25:35.00

Un brigadiste : 

-   Perfect, it's not moving!

01:25:39:00          

Joam Evans : 

-   Que está bien.

01:25:39:00          

Joam Evans : 

-   Pack it down well...

01:25:45.00/ 01:25:51.01  

Une brigadiste : 

-   Apretado bien...

-   Es un poco... así un poco...La torre de Pisa.

-   No pasa nada. Luego se endereza el sol.

01:25:45.00/ 01:25:51.01  

Une brigadiste : 

• Tamp it down, Aurel!
• Apply yourself! It's a bit like… the leaning tower of Pisa. 
• Don't worry, it'll straighten up on its own.

01:25:54.00/ 01:25:56.00 

Le garçon de la brigadiste : 

-   Quedó horrible.

01:25:54.00/ 01:25:56.00 

Le garçon de la brigadiste : 

• Poor planting!

01:25:59.00/ 01:26:54.17  

Joám Evans, fondateur des Brigades d’éradication des eucalyptus : 

Para nosotros que estamos aquí todos los días del año, el cambio es realmente espectacular. Porque... pensar que esta aldea en 2017 estaba totalmente rodeada de plantaciones, Eso hace que, por ejemplo, no se notaban prácticamente las estaciones en términos de paisaje. Ahora tenemos una policromía de cambios en cada estación, de cambios de vegetación que se ve simplemente mirando por la ventana. Eso antes no lo teníamos. Después también nos sentimos más protegidos en esas noches de verano donde está todo seco. Levantas un viento fuerte de nordeste, donde antes estábamos temerosos de que podía ser esa noche que viniera un incendio. Pues ahora estamos más seguras de que eso no va a pasar. O si pasa vamos a conseguir parar el humo sin poner en riesgo a las casas y a nuestra propia integridad.

01:25:59.00/ 01:26:54.17  

Joám Evans, fondateur des Brigades d’éradication des eucalyptus : 

For us, who live here year-round, the change is spectacular. Just think that in 2017, the village was surrounded by plantations—you couldn't even tell the seasons in terms of the landscape. Now it's polychromatic. We see the seasons changing, the cycle of plants… we just look through the window. We didn't have that before. We also feel much safer. In summer, when it's bone dry and the northeast wind picks up, we used to fear the worst. Now we breathe easier. Either there are no more fires, or if there are, we can stop them without endangering our homes or our integrity.

01:27:36:19               

FORREST FLEISCHMANN

University of Minnesota, USA :

In the last decade or so, many organizations have taken on tree-planting as either a part of their program, or as a primary goal of their program. There's many new organizations that have been created.

It has to do with social media. It also has to do with the perception that it's a valuable solution for climate change now climate has become a major issue.

01:28:38:08               

Forrest Fleishmann :

A lot of organizations promote tree planting as an easy solution that allows them to raise funds while bringing numerous benefits to the world.

01:29:02.18 / 01:29:19.14  

Archive Planting Trees - Plant for the planet:

This is the story of how a simple idea turned into a global movement which created confidence and optimism. The idea: planting trees to fight the climate crisis. The movement: Plant for the Planet.

01:29:42.04 /01:30:00.05  

Forrest Fleishmann, professeur en politique forestière, Université du Minnesota : 

The organization was founded by a boy named Felix Finkbeiner and his father, who was a successful businessman. And Felix was a very idealistic boy and he got the kids in his school to plant trees to benefit the local area, then they started scaling it up for climate change purposes.

01:30:03:06

Felix Finkbeiner :

Habt ihr im Unterricht schon einmal Photosynthese behandelt? Also, die Bäume nehmen CO₂ auf und geben den Sauerstoff ab, den wir atmen. Und was zählt, ist, dass der Kohlenstoff im Baum bleibt.

01:30:03:06

Felix Finkbeiner :

Have you ever studied photosynthesis in class? It's like this: trees absorb CO₂ and then release O₂. And that's what matters. The carbon remains in the tree, and the tree releases oxygen again—that is, the oxygen that we breathe.

01:30:24.09 / 01:30:50.12  

Forrest Fleishmann, professeur en politique forestière, Université du Minnesota : 

Felix Finkbeiner kind of became this beautiful kid spokesman for environmentalism. And he was invited to give an address to the United Nations. And he and his dad were flying from Germany to New York

and they said... What goal should we... What should we say? They were writing the speech on the plane! Let's say something really ambitious: how about A Trillion Trees?

01:53:46.16 /01:31:12.02  

Felix Finkbeiner, Fondateur de Plant for the Planet :

It is now time that we work together. We combine our forces.

Old and young, rich and poor, and together we can plant a trillion trees! We can start the Trillion Tree campaign.

01:31:46:00

Tom Crowther, ETH Zurich:

Life is all about embracing the challenge.

01:32:04.20 / 01:32:37.24  :
Tom Crowther, ETH Zurich:  

If we want to capture the 300 gigatonnes that already exist, we're gonna need an immensely powerful system, and the most powerful system we've got to date is this: the natural system. 

These are the 0.9 billion hectares of degraded lands, places where trees could naturally exist, but they don't. If we were to restore ecosystems across all of those lands, there would be an additional trillion trees in that area and they would store a staggering 205 gigatonnes of carbon. 

Les arbres capturent le carbone de l’atmosphère

01:32:44:00
Tom Crowther, ETH Zurich: 

The area for extra tree restoration potential is far greater than we could have ever imagined.

01:33:01:06

Tom Crowther, ETH Zurich: : 

Our recent research shows that if we achieve that, we could capture a huge chunk, maybe even 2/3 of the excess carbon in the atmosphere, because of human activity. That makes forest restoration by far the biggest climate change solution that we have to date.

01:33:22.18/01:33:36.10 
Présentatrice :

In Climate Watch, a new study is suggesting that the best way to fight climate change is through trees.

Présentateur :  

The research posted in the journal #Science# says planting billions of trees could remove nearly 25% of CO2 from the atmosphere.

01:33:49.05 /01:33:56.16  

Mark Benioff, CEO Salesforce:

The world is in a climate of urgency. Now is the time to put the trees back on the planet. Let's plant one trillion trees.

01:33:56:17

Tweet Elon Musk : 

Ok, sounds legit,will donate 1M trees

01:34:08.21/01:34:20.07  
Felix Finkbeiner, Fondateur de Plant for the Planet :

We're incredibly excited that,nine years after we tried convincing the world to plant a trillion trees I think is truly starting now.So that's absolutely fantastic.

01:34:30:22               

MATTHEW FAGAN

University of Maryland, USA :

How they got to that number was problematic. It was problematic in a few different ways. First, they made some pretty simple errors in how they estimated carbon. They were off by 50% right out the gate. And there were no less than, I think, 150 scientists signing under three different responses to that paper saying:

 "You got the math wrong!" 

And I think that's what made a lot of scientists uncomfortable because that's not the proper way to do science. We need to be more conservative before we make bold statements. There's a famous saying: With great claims, great proof is required.

01:35:00:08          

FORREST FLEISCHMANN

University of Minnesota, USA :

A lot of these places where they're saying we can plant trees are places where it's actually a bad idea to plant trees.

So for example, they were saying we should plant trees in the boreal or subarctic zone. Many of those places are white a lot of the year because there's snow on the ground. 

And we all know that white reflects heat. And if you plant trees there, they'll be dark a lot of the year. So if you make the earth darker, youmake it hotter.

01:35:41.00 /01:36:04.23 : 

SIMON LEWIS

University College London :

They assume that everywhere could be reforested. Some places, like the world's savannas, are not appropriate locations for trees. They have their own biodiversity, their own ecosystem. And they assumed that before forest restoration there was no carbon on the land or in the soil. And that's clearly not correct.

01:36:31:11 /01:38:03.16 

GISELDA DURIGAN

Écologue - IPA São Paulo, Brésil :

Era uma planta pequena que tinha essa biomassa de raiz. Se você pesar essa raiz e pesar essa parte aérea, talvez dê 20 vezes o peso.

Essa planta tem três anos de idade. Essa aqui talvez ela tenha uns 50 anos. Aqui a biomassa fica debaixo da terra e com a capacidade incrível de rebrotar. Se eu enterrar de novo essa raiz aqui, ela vai rebrotar. E é bom chamar a atenção também que quando um ecossistema tem gramíneas, as gramíneas são extremamente hábeis em manter, em fixar o carbono debaixo da superfície. Não só na planta em si, mas na renovação das raízes. Então, essas raízes finas que são superabundantes num cerrado como esse, elas vão se renovando. Cada vez que morre uma raiz, ela se transforma em carbono, imobilizado no solo. Então tem uma quantidade enorme de carbono no solo do Cerrado que não existe nas florestas. 

Tem lugares que precisam muito de plantio de árvores, tem lugares que precisam muito de restauração florestal, só que tem lugares em que as árvores são uma coisa muito negativa. Elas vão destruir o que existe.

01:36:31:11 /01:38:03.16 

GISELDA DURIGAN

Écologue - IPA São Paulo, Brésil :

Here, the biomass remains underground. With its incredible capacity to grow back, if I bury this root again, it'll grow. 

You'll also notice that when an ecosystem contains grasses, these are very strong at fixing carbon under the ground—not just in the plant itself but also through root renewal. These fine roots are very abundant in the Cerrado, like here. 

They are renewed every time a tree dies, transformed into carbon, and fixed in the soil. So there's a huge quantity of carbon in the Cerrado soil that you don't find in forests. 

There are many places where planting trees is needed, and places in dire need of forest restoration. But there are also places where trees are a negative thing—they'd destroy what exists.

01:38:29.08 / 01:39:00.11  

Prof. Simon Lewis :   

Back in 2019, the world woke up to headlines saying trees and planting trees was the best solution to climate change. In fact, anyone thinking about this for more than a few minutes would realize that's not correct. The best solution to climate change is to not explore and burn more oil, coal and gas.

01:39:42:00

Archives Pub Air France :

Chez Air France, nous sommes conscients de l’impact de notre activité sur l’environnement. Et nous voulons faire plus. Alors ce que nous ne pouvons pas encore réduire, nous allons le compenser.

01:39:42:00

Archives Pub Air France :

At Air France we are aware of the impact of our activity on the environment, and we want to do more. For what we can't yet reduce, we will compensate.

01:40:14:00

ALAIN KARSENTY

économiste, CIRAD :

Beaucoup d’entreprises se sont mises à vouloir compenser leurs émissions, et une des manières les plus visibles pour compenser les émissions, c’est de planter des arbres. 

01:40:14:00

ALAIN KARSENTY

économiste, CIRAD :

Many companies sought to offset their emissions. And one of the most visible ways

is to plant trees.

01:40:59.00 / 02:09:26.20 

JULIO NATALENSE

Responsable crédits carbone, Suzano :

O eucalipto é uma árvore fantástica. O que nós vamos fazer aqui é estimar a quantidade de carbono que tem nessa floresta. 

Então eu vou medir aqui. Um metro... e um metro e meio. E agora vamos medir o diâmetro dessa árvore. Através dessas medidas de diâmetro e também da altura da árvore, nós conseguimos estimar qual é o estoque de carbono que ela tem.

01:40:59.00 / 02:09:26.20 

JULIO NATALENSE

Responsable crédits carbone, Suzano :The eucalyptus is a fantastic tree. We're about to estimate the quantity of carbon in this forest. 

So I'll measure hee… one meter, one and a half meters. Now we measure the tree's diameter. With these diameter and height measurements, we can estimate its carbon stock. 

01:41:49.21/ 01:42:07.21  

Julio Natalense, responsable crédits carbone, Suzano : 

Créditos de carbono, na verdade, são uma unidade monetária de transferência que permite que um setor que precise fazer uma mitigação residual incentive um setor que tenha a capacidade de remover carbono da atmosfera. Então, um crédito de carbono corresponde a uma tonelada de CO2 que foi removida da atmosfera. 

01:41:49.21/ 01:42:07.21  

Julio Natalense, responsable crédits carbone, Suzano : 

Carbon credits are actually a unit of exchange which allows a company keen to improve its carbon footprint to finance a company that eliminates carbon from the atmosphere. Thus, one carbon credit corresponds  to one tonne of CO2 removed from the atmosphere.

01:42:19.12 /01:42:59.11  

Prof. Simon Lewis :

One of the commonest scams of carbon credit is when you have a tree-planting scheme and the credits are all sold based on a timeline of tree growth. And then you sell the credits from that, ten years. But in year eleven, you cut all the trees down. And all that carbon goes into the atmosphere or into pulp and paper products. And you are buying credits that you think are permanently sequestering carbon out of the atmosphere and onto the land, but you're not. You're buying a credit that's ended up as a piece of paper that someone wrote on and then threw away. It goes and decomposes and the carbon goes back into the atmosphere.

01:43:07.10 /01:43 :37.04  

Matthew Fagan, 

écologue, Université du Maryland :

Carbon offsets are the modern equivalent of medieval indulgences, when you could pay your way out of sinning. And in modern society, when you're feeling guilty about the environment you're sinning in, you want to pay your way out of it, right? You want to do a good deed, you want to plant trees. Oh sure! Offset my flight for a dollar! The problem is, when you really start poking in these projects, they're all made up. Their estimates are overly rosy, the follow-up is nothing. And probably I'd say that 80% of the organizations are not doing very thorough jobs.

01:44:19:10

Nicolas Terraz

Directeur général Exploitation, Totalénergies :

C’est un très grand plaisir et un très grand honneur pour Total Energie, monsieur le Premier ministre, d’inaugurer ce projet, à l’heure où la République célèbre la Journée de l'arbre, avec pour thème cette année “Plantons tous des arbres pour séquestrer le carbone et lutter contre les changements climatiques.”

01:44:19:10

Nicolas Terraz

Directeur général Exploitation, Totalénergies :

It is with great pleasure and great honor for TotalEnergies and the Prime Minister to inaugurate this project, as the Republic celebrates the Day of the Tree. This year's theme: "Let's all plant trees to sequester carbon and fight against climate change!"

01:44:57:00           

PARFAITE LOUBA

Propriétaire expulsée :

 On était dans les champs quand brusquement, nous avons vu des tracteurs en train de travailler, et on s’est demandé : « Qu’est-ce qu’il se passe ? » On est rentrés chez nous et le lendemain, quand nous sommes revenus, nous avons constaté qu’ils avaient labouré tous les champs. Ils sont venus nous dire, brusquement, comme une douche froide : “Désormais, vous ne travaillerez plus à cet endroit, car ça nous appartient maintenant”. Regardez l’étendue de mes champs. Vous voulez que je parte d’ici ? Comment ça ? Comment voulez-vous que je quitte ces lieux ? Non ! Tu ne dois plus travailler ici, tu ne dois plus travailler ici !

01:44:57:00           

PARFAITE LOUBA

Propriétaire expulsée :

We work in the fields. Suddenly, we saw tractors at work. "What is going on?" we wondered. We went home, and when we came back the next day, we saw that they'd ploughed all the fields. They came to tell us bluntly, like a cold shower: "From now on, you no longer work here. This now belongs to us." You want me to leave here? What the heck!? How can I leave this place? No! "You must not work here. You must not."

00:45:39,960 --> 00:45:56,480

Mama : 

En ce moment, je meurs de faim ! Je ne peux même pas me payer de la morue salée. J’ai faim. Où vais‑je trouver de l’argent pour manger ? Même les champs… j’ai perdu les champs qui me permettaient de me nourrir.

00:45:39,960 --> 00:45:56,480

Mama : 

Right now, I'm starving! I can't even afford salt fish. I'm starving. Where will I find the money to eat? Even the fields,I have lost the fields that allow me to feed myself.

01:46:05:00          

Pulchérie Amboula 

propriétaire expulsée :

Mais qui a réquisitionné ces terres alors que des gens en vivent ? On les a prises pour les donner aux blancs ?  Mais comment les gens vont-ils planter ? A quoi serviront ces arbres ? On n’en sait rien du tout. Ces arbres, c’est pour leur bonheur, mais ils ont mis nos vies en difficulté. Total, ils sont venus nous tuer ici. 

01:46:05:00          

Pulchérie Amboula 

propriétaire expulsée :

But who requisitioned the land when people live off it? Requisitioned to give to white people? How will the people plant? What will these trees be used for? We have no idea. These trees are for their happiness, but they've made our lives difficult. Total came here to kill us.

01:46:58:00         

Brice Mackosso

Commission épiscopale Justice et  Paix :

OK. La semaine dernière, je vous ai rencontrés ici au moment des signatures de contrat. On avait eu un débat entre ceux qui voulaient signer et ceux qui ne voulaient pas. Ceux qui ont signé, levez la main.

01:46:58:00         

Brice Mackosso

Commission épiscopale Justice et  Paix :

OK. Last week, I met you here when the contract was signed. We had a debate between those who wanted to sign and those who didn't. Those who signed, raise your hand.

01:47:20:14

Dame 1 : 

Moi j'ai signé. Quand j’ai signé, je pensais qu’ils allaient me restituer mes terres, comme c’était avant. Ils m’ont dit :  « Signe, on te remettra 4 hectares ». Juste après ma signature, ils ont récupéré le document, ils l’ont lu, et ils m’ont dit : « Mais tu n’as droit qu’à un seul hectare. On ne te l’a pas encore donné ?» Mais comment vais-je élever mes enfants ?

01:47:20:14

Dame 1 : 

I signed. When I signed, I thought they would give me back my lands as they were before. They said to me, "Sign, we'll give back 4 hectares." Just after I signed, they took the document, read it, and said to me, "You only have the right to one hectare." How will I raise my children?

01:47:50:00           

Mama : 

J’ai signé sans savoir. Vous savez Monsieur...  Je ne sais pas parler français, je ne sais pas parler le lingala.

01:47:50:00           

Mama : 

I signed without knowing.

You know...

I can't speak French, 

I can't speak Lingala.

01:47:58:00           

Homme : 

Souviens-toi quand tu as signé, est-ce qu’on t’a remis une copie du document ? Avec ta signature?

01:47:58:00           

Homme : 

When you signed,  did you get a copy of the document?

01:48:04:00            

Mama : 

Non, ils l’ont gardée.

01:48:04:00            

Mama : 

No, they kept the copy.

01:48:07:00           

Brice Mackosso, Commission épiscopale : 

Alors. Entendons-nous bien. Vous avez signé des documents dont vous n’avez pas reçu la copie. En matière administrative, c’est une situation très grave.

01:48:07:00           

Brice Mackosso, Commission épiscopale : 

Let's be clear.

You signed documents and did not receive a copy. Administratively speaking, that's very serious.

01:48:21:00           

Dame 2 :

 Il y avait la police…

01:48:21:00           

Dame 2 :

The police were there.

01:48:22:00           

Brice Mackosso, Commission épiscopale :

 Il y avait la police et la gendarmerie, alors ça, c’est pas un dialogue social, c’est pas un dialogue communautaire. On n’emmène pas la police, la gendarmerie, le sous-préfet, le maire, dans une histoire qui concerne la communauté. En fait, depuis le début, Total est en train de faire du désordre… On se comprend bien ? Désormais, ne signez plus de documents que vous n’avez pas lus  et dont on ne vous remet pas de copie.

01:48:22:00           

Brice Mackosso, Commission épiscopale :

The police and the gendarmes were there. Now, that’s not social dialogue, it’s not community dialogue. We don’t involve the police, the gendarmerie, the sub-prefect, or the mayor in a story that concerns the community. In fact, from the start, Total has been making a mess. Are we all clear? Sign no more documents without reading them and without receiving a copy.

01:49:05 :00           

Jutta Kill

Mouvement mondial pour les forêts tropicales :

Zu viele Projekte massive Menschenrechtsverletzungen verursacht haben. Und schon jetzt sehen wir in vielen Ländern des globalen Südens Ländern wie der Republik Kongo, wie Tansania, wie Uganda, dass es zu massiver Vertreibung und zu Landraub kommt. Bevölkerung, die keinen Anteil an der Klimakrise hat, und der Projektbetreiber sagen Ach, ihr müsst den Gürtel enger schnallen und eure Emissionen reduzieren, damit der globale Norden weiter mit gutem Gewissen Emissionen freisetzen kann.

01:49:05 :00           

Jutta Kill

Mouvement mondial pour les forêts tropicales :

There. Too many projects have resulted in massive human rights violations, and we are witnessing this in many southern countries such as the Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, and Uganda—massive evictions and land grabs. These people are not responsible for the climate crisis, yet the project leaders tell them: “You should tighten your belts and reduce your emissions,” so that the Northern countries can carry on emitting CO₂ with a clear conscience.

01:49:59 :00            

Adulte :

-   Allez Pierrot vas-y, mets dans le trou! C’est quoi que tu as, Pierre, toi?

01:49:59 :00            

Adulte :

-   Go on, Pierrot. In the hole.What have you got, Pierre? It's a...

01:50:33:00/ 01:51:54.01  

Simon Lewis 

University College London :

I'm very pro getting into nature and getting your hands dirty and interacting with nature. And some of that will involve some tree planting. 

My advice, if you're thinking about tree-planting, I think on the one hand it makes sense to be involved in a thing that's closest to where you live because that's where you'll get most enjoyment and that's where you can probably have a big impact because you care about your local environment long term — because that's your life and your location. 

And then I think on the other hand it's important to help communities who really want to protect forests. There are indigenous communities across the global South who are desperate for finance to be able to protect their own territories from encroachment by loggers and plantation owners. 

Many of these indigenous people's groups manage those areas remarkably well. More impressively than, often, a group of scientists could do or an international NGO, because those people, they know those places better than anyone else..

01:51:54.02/ 01:52:12.20 

Ingrid et Mandy Pataxo chantent dans la forêt:

Na folha da Patioba

Eu bati e ninguém me escuta

Na folha da Patioba

Eu bati e ninguém me escuta

Eu nasci na mata virgem

Me criei na mata bruta

01:51:54.02/ 01:52:12.20 

Ingrid et Mandy Pataxo chantent dans la forêt:

On the Patioba leaf 

I tap and no one hears me 

On the Patioba leaf 

I tap and no one hears me 

I was born in the rainforest 

I grew up in the wild forest