WEBVTT

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In the darkness of night,

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the Earth

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spoke to the moon.

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“I have dreamed that within me,

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a small sun burns,

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that inside me

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hidden seas are stirring.”

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It was life itself that was pulsing in her womb,

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it was the seeds.

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Heaven said to Earth

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\"be not downcast,

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I shall ease your pain

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and you will know joy.”

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And then Earth was bathed in rain.

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Its countless fingers falling like stars

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in infinite colors.

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And Earth awoke beneath a cloak of green.

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Sun reclined upon its bed

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and said to the Earth

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“you dreamed well;

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you dreamed the seeds into being.”

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And the seeds grew,

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and learned.

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Each one with its own name,

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with its own shadow,

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with its own flavor,

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distinct from all the others.

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Each seed,

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a dance,

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a color.

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That was long ago,

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when time was but a child

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without a name.

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I’m Juan Torres Guevara, professor at the

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Agrarian University, in the Biology

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Department of the Science Faculty.

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I’m a country boy, I come from a town called Amotape,

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in Bajo Chira, in Piura.

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I was raised surrounded by desert, too.

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To understand the desert,

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I had to go up to the mountains,

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where the water comes from.

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Between 60 and 80% of the world’s fresh water

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comes from the mountains.

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The large watersheds of the world are born in the mountains.

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Peru is a mega-diverse country,

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the center of origin of cultivated plants.

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In the mountains themselves, not only here,

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but in Africa, in Asia,

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there is always great biological diversity.

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But Peru has another entry point, which is tropical,

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so, the Andes range are mountains,

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but the Urals are mountains, too,

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but the Urals are not tropical,

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the Himalayas are not tropical.

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Whereas our part of the Andes is tropical.

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So, we have double the reason to be mega-diverse,

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because of the mountains

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and because they are tropical.

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Nearly my whole life, I’ve worked

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in small-scale agriculture, biodiversity,

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rural development, agroecology.

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We’re with the vegetable program of the

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Agrarian University and we have a...

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we call it a germplasm bank,

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a collection of seeds

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from peppers from all over Peru.

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It’s interesting that chefs, for example,

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we work with many of them,

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and consider peppers to be the heart

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of Peruvian cuisine, but if you go to a

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typical Peruvian market, you’re lucky

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if you find five different peppers.

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Most mega-diverse countries in the world,

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and there aren’t many of them,

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are relatively near to the tropics,

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and that, along with the fact that

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Peru has deserts, the Andes mountain range

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and the Amazonian rainforest,

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creates geographical, biological conditions

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that allow for a lot of different species to grow.

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And then you have humans,

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from different cultures going back millennia

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and more recent migratory flows,

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all of that generates interchange,

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not just from a cultural and social point of view,

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but also, a biological one.

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This has led to the utilization of that diversity,

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not just domesticating it but taking

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some varieties and deliberately diversifying

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them more and more, like the potato.

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From just a few domestic varieties,

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we end up with over 3000 types of potato.

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In the case of corn,

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we get over 60 varieties of corn.

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The way the pre-Hispanic Andeans and the Incas

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approached agricultural production was a...

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a holistic culture, that is to say,

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connected to divine forces,

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and to managing risk factors.

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That’s why villages are up high,

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because of heavy rainfall and flood zones,

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they stayed up high;

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but also, at the level of cosmovision,

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the three layers of cosmic functioning,

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connecting the world above,

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the world around us,

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and the world of deities below,

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but basically, using celebration and ritual.

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Work in the pre-Hispanic era

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was highly ceremonial.

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Modern-day Andean cultures

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maintain that religious nature of food.

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Primarily because it is the sustenance of society,

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but above all because food

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was ritualized in its production.

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When we look at the past,

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we do it precisely in order to know

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where we came from.

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Piecing that puzzle together

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can help us to tackle realities that

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we might not understand and might not

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manage as well as they did in the past.

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The Chiribaya show us that a thousand years ago,

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in this part of the Andean territory,

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in the Atacama Desert,

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they had produce from the coast,

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particularly a variety of fruits,

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some of which are no longer

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accessible to us now, like the jicama.

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Offerings to the dead included

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huge quantities of Lima beans,

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guavas, pacay, lucuma,

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types of beans, corn...

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And also with food, we could almost call it gastronomy,

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where these elements were combined with products

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of the sea, the earth, other places.

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And it was all part of the quality of life

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that we know the Chiribaya had

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a thousand years ago.

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It’s also important to learn

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to recognize that all that information

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we gather can make us stronger.

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There’s a lot to learn, a lot to incorporate.

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We’ve accumulated knowledge and

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we are who we are because of all that history.

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For a long time, Pachacamac had been an oracle,

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a temple, where people came not just to pray

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but to talk to the deities, the gods,

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along with their coca,

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their produce, to offer them up, right?

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Possibly, also a place for the exchanging

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of genetic knowledge of

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part of the population, diversity, and so on.

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To do agriculture, in the mountains,

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in an unpredictable environment,

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first you must know how to predict

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if the year will bring plenty of water,

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if the rain is going to come early or late,

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that dictates whether you will get a good yield,

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and here there is a lot of technology

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based around astral observation,

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that is, of the stars, the moon, the sun movement.

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Here, they used that to predict

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what kind of weather

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there would be over the rest of the year.

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The agrarian cycle of the Andean world,

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just like us, where we have an institution that

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uses science to forecast the weather,

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in pre-Hispanic times they also had methods of prediction,

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based on the movements of animals.

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Through the movements of animals,

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through the beginning of crickets

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or cicadas chirping, for the Amazonian world,

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you get a forecast of when

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it’s going to rain and not going to rain.

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We are going to clean this place beautifully,

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where the spirits of the mountains dwell:

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Apu Karus and Apu Cancha...

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And also, they have an understanding of constellations,

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in pre-Hispanic times the constellations had names too,

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like amaru or serpent, jamp\'atu or toad.

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So, they always associated location,

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for example, in the Pleiades,

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the Seven Sisters, in the Andean world

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so, it’s going to rain, or it’s not going to rain.

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So, they have an agrarian cycle.

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Now “papay” continue without making a mistake.

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We, the ones of this place,

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we make our payment to the holy land,

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to the Mother Land, to the divine Mother of the Lagoon.

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In the pre-Hispanic world, the Earth was seen

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as a deity, it was the Pachamama

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and the founding mother,

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so, it had to receive payment,

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whether annual if it’s the agrarian cycle,

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or circumstantial if it’s about some propitiatory rite.

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Come now, come now, come now.

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Before, our grandparents, our great-grandparents,

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they would just do agriculture

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in a purely natural way,

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and now we continue to do that.

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Here in the village we don\'t sell potatoes, oca, quinoa.

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They’re just for being consumed over the course of the year.

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We come to barter.

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We harvest agriculture: potatoes, oca, barley,

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all the produce we harvest,

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we go to the Urus, the floating islands,

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where they catch fish, orestias,

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trout, silverside, other fish found in Lake Titicaca,

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and we just exchange.

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My name is Dionisia Mamani de Miranda

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and I am 67 years old.

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I’ve been working since birth,

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I’ve been in the quinoa fields since I was born,

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but now I like colors.

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I came to like them at the markets,

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seeing people going to gather at contests,

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from Lambayeque to Puno,

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and I’ve seen that I can grow

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that really pretty quinoa too, pink and gorgeous,

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I can do that too since I have my field, I have my

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fertilizer, I have my sheep manure, of course

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I can do it and I can say ‘sell me some, then,

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this quinoa’, that’s what I say to

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the people selling in Ayaviri, Azángaro,

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a few different places. I go there,

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and I’ve gathered 120 varieties.

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Cultivating all those colors, I’ll go crazy,

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that’s what they tell me. How much patience you have,

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Dionisia, how much patience!

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How, let’s see, do you grow those quinoas?

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There could be hail one time, another

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time there could be frost, and then you keep it

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in a little container, for conservation.

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A conservationist is what I am.

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Like a baby, it’s all about colors, like a baby

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you have to look after it.

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We are going to see the quinoa.

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My name is Simeón Genaro Miranda Vilca,

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the husband of Dionisia Mamani de Miranda.

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Thanks to the fact that my grandparents

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settled in this place,

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where quinoa is grown,

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which has become kind of famous now,

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and quinoa has always been food for humans,

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since our ancestors.

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There was a time when

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they didn’t take into account

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the importance of our product, quinoa,

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but as country people local to this area,

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we’ve always eaten first,

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our cow’s feet soup,

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our quinoa mazamorra,

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and, as a snack, our quispiño too.

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And then they discovered that quinoa has

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an amino acid that’s

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good for children and elderly people, right?

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So there was a quinoa boom,

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and even astronauts have started eating

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it these days, right?

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Our geography is so diverse,

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with its very high grounds,

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that it forced humans to be creative

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and develop some science,

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to the point that they improved technology,

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agricultural terraces or artificial lakes,

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and there was a production.

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At Moray they engineered the microclimate,

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to the point that, in the lower part of

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Moray where the amphitheater is, they can produce

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Lima beans, when you think that we’re

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2 miles above sea level

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and that’s in Maras, Moray.

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So you see, they controlled things and

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it’s even said that they would process and

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genetically engineer it

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then go to the other amphitheater and

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so on and so forth, until they even managed to

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genetically engineer it to work in another, higher region,

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and manage to produce.

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My name is Alberto Chura Quispe.

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My community is Juan Velasco Alvarado.

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Up high, it’s in the months of January or February,

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when you have to use a chaquitaclla

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foot plow to turn over the soil.

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Then, you have to hoe,

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select seeds, work hard.

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When you sow, you have to get your

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farmyard manure, take the seeds to where they go,

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it doesn’t get there by road,

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it has to come by horse, or by llama.

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Up high, we still use that.

00:25:12.208 --> 00:25:15.208
We’re losing so many expressions of the biodiversity,

00:25:15.208 --> 00:25:18.333
the biodiversity of the raw materials,

00:25:18.333 --> 00:25:20.291
without even realizing it.

00:25:21.375 --> 00:25:22.458
When it comes to Peru,

00:25:22.458 --> 00:25:25.958
Peru has very significant regional cuisines

00:25:25.958 --> 00:25:28.166
and we have to recognize that these regional cuisines

00:25:28.166 --> 00:25:32.625
have historic processes where at the beginning, far away

00:25:32.625 --> 00:25:35.958
and here too, you have the women, family, home,

00:25:35.958 --> 00:25:38.000
biodiversity, chicha brewing,

00:25:38.000 --> 00:25:40.125
\"picanterías\", all of that

00:25:40.125 --> 00:25:42.666
has created and shaped a history

00:25:42.666 --> 00:25:44.125
that you have to get to know.

00:25:44.125 --> 00:25:45.541
Because if we don’t realize the importance of

00:25:45.541 --> 00:25:48.291
those regional cuisines, it’s like having no memory.

00:25:48.291 --> 00:25:49.583
If we don’t look to the past,

00:25:49.583 --> 00:25:50.916
we can’t know where we come from.

00:25:58.833 --> 00:26:01.166
That natural geography is sustained by

00:26:01.166 --> 00:26:03.833
a cultural geography, that of people.

00:26:03.833 --> 00:26:05.875
That content is given by cultures,

00:26:05.875 --> 00:26:08.666
by rural groups, by communities.

00:26:08.666 --> 00:26:14.125
And those rituals are sometimes seen as an \"ethnic thing\",

00:26:14.125 --> 00:26:16.791
as it were, is the sustenance of the richness

00:26:16.791 --> 00:26:18.250
of Peru’s culture in biodiversity.

00:26:18.583 --> 00:26:20.916
Holy land, Mother Earth, Pinchu mountain,

00:26:20.916 --> 00:26:23.541
receive this ceremonial payment now,

00:26:23.541 --> 00:26:31.041
this small offering, we are giving you, receive this
beverage we are drinking and we are pouring it on you.

00:26:31.041 --> 00:26:34.875
We send you brandy with our breath,

00:26:34.875 --> 00:26:39.875
we also send it to you, Pachatusan, city of Cusco,

00:26:39.875 --> 00:26:43.208
receive it, holy land, Pachamama.

00:26:43.208 --> 00:26:46.916
Right from this place, holy land Pachamama,

00:26:46.916 --> 00:26:55.500
as we always do, we are throwing a bit of earth here.

00:26:58.583 --> 00:27:01.125
We’ve got potatoes and mashua, these that I’ve got

00:27:01.125 --> 00:27:06.958
here in my hands, a few varieties, they’re tastier,

00:27:06.958 --> 00:27:11.125
grittier, and they have more properties,

00:27:11.125 --> 00:27:12.916
for example, this potato,

00:27:12.916 --> 00:27:15.375
one of these potatoes I’m holding,

00:27:15.375 --> 00:27:19.458
this has, bluish purple inside.

00:27:20.500 --> 00:27:25.958
Now, with potatoes, on the whole farm I’m growing

00:27:25.958 --> 00:27:30.583
420 varieties, that exist in my hands.

00:27:30.583 --> 00:27:32.250
They’re alive.

00:27:34.208 --> 00:27:36.916
With my name I got this potato to grow,

00:27:36.916 --> 00:27:40.208
this variety is called \"huayna chura\" and it’s

00:27:40.208 --> 00:27:42.750
yellow inside, yellow flesh.

00:27:56.166 --> 00:27:57.625
In the face of the worldwide trend of

00:27:57.625 --> 00:28:00.666
the homogenization of what we eat,

00:28:00.666 --> 00:28:04.583
more and more people are eating the same stuff.

00:28:04.583 --> 00:28:07.666
So agrobiodiversity enables us

00:28:07.666 --> 00:28:09.416
to keep being different,

00:28:09.416 --> 00:28:11.541
from a food point of view,

00:28:11.541 --> 00:28:13.291
and to find new properties,

00:28:13.291 --> 00:28:15.708
new properties to solve new problems

00:28:15.708 --> 00:28:16.958
that are continually appearing

00:28:16.958 --> 00:28:19.375
in health, in the environment,

00:28:19.375 --> 00:28:21.875
the benefit of small-scale agriculture,

00:28:21.875 --> 00:28:24.833
of rural communities, of native communities,

00:28:24.833 --> 00:28:28.541
of family farming, in general, that’s been fundamental

00:28:28.541 --> 00:28:30.416
because there’s a biological component,

00:28:30.416 --> 00:28:33.375
a geographical one, in biodiversity:

00:28:33.375 --> 00:28:36.916
there are plants, animals, but

00:28:36.916 --> 00:28:39.291
it’s been humans, human beings,

00:28:39.291 --> 00:28:42.583
who have enabled those plants to be domesticated,

00:28:42.583 --> 00:28:45.541
to be cultivated, to have new crosses,

00:28:45.541 --> 00:28:49.250
to have thousands of varieties of some crops

00:28:49.250 --> 00:28:51.458
and for those to still be conserved today.

00:28:51.458 --> 00:28:53.375
Without small-scale agriculture,

00:28:53.375 --> 00:28:55.958
a lot of that agrobiodiversity,

00:28:55.958 --> 00:28:59.750
that we Peruvians are so proud of, wouldn’t exist.

00:29:22.458 --> 00:29:25.041
One of the richest things about our culture

00:29:25.041 --> 00:29:29.666
is precisely this diversity of foods

00:29:29.666 --> 00:29:31.791
that they managed to domesticate and

00:29:31.791 --> 00:29:35.000
learn to live alongside for so many centuries.

00:29:35.958 --> 00:29:38.958
However, nowadays that’s not considered very important.

00:29:38.958 --> 00:29:42.250
Other aspects of culture are valued,

00:29:42.250 --> 00:29:44.875
and since we see a gap there,

00:29:44.875 --> 00:29:48.666
we have started researching and putting

00:29:48.666 --> 00:29:50.958
it all into practice, and experimenting too.

00:29:50.958 --> 00:29:54.375
Let’s see how much of this knowledge can be applied today,

00:29:54.375 --> 00:29:56.958
and based on that we can spread them around,

00:29:56.958 --> 00:29:59.000
introduce people to them.

00:30:01.916 --> 00:30:05.250
For example, something that we started to realize

00:30:05.250 --> 00:30:08.541
was that a lot of food gets wasted.

00:30:08.541 --> 00:30:11.541
While we have diversity in produce,

00:30:11.541 --> 00:30:14.833
in food production, in certain seasons,

00:30:14.833 --> 00:30:18.375
people have even forgotten how to preserve them.

00:30:18.375 --> 00:30:20.583
Back in the day there were no refrigerators,

00:30:20.583 --> 00:30:23.041
and we’ve forgotten how to make use of the sun,

00:30:23.041 --> 00:30:25.583
the frost, fermenting, germinating food

00:30:25.583 --> 00:30:28.708
so that it can last years without spoiling.

00:30:28.708 --> 00:30:31.125
Like they used to do in storehouses.

00:30:35.416 --> 00:30:38.041
With these techniques, we’ve found that

00:30:38.041 --> 00:30:40.916
they increase in nutritional quality,

00:30:40.916 --> 00:30:42.833
because when the various products

00:30:42.833 --> 00:30:44.958
are dried with the frost or sun,

00:30:44.958 --> 00:30:46.958
they become more digestible by the body,

00:30:47.125 --> 00:30:50.041
Nature gives us diversity and everything can be preserved.

00:30:50.041 --> 00:30:51.208
I mean, everything can be preserved,

00:30:51.208 --> 00:30:52.750
there is no food we cannot preserve,

00:30:52.750 --> 00:30:54.333
it’s just about getting those methods back,

00:30:54.333 --> 00:30:56.875
depending on the region we’re in.

00:30:57.208 --> 00:30:58.166
And to eat it.

00:30:58.166 --> 00:31:01.500
So, we always say that by this logic,

00:31:01.500 --> 00:31:02.916
if we all have our storerooms,

00:31:02.916 --> 00:31:05.291
we’ll never go hungry. Food for ourselves

00:31:05.291 --> 00:31:07.625
and to share with different people.

00:31:19.833 --> 00:31:21.708
Some ladies

00:31:21.708 --> 00:31:23.750
grab toads,

00:31:23.750 --> 00:31:25.208
Some ladies

00:31:25.208 --> 00:31:26.458
catch worms;

00:31:26.458 --> 00:31:27.458
The lady changes me

00:31:27.458 --> 00:31:29.125
for those things

00:31:29.125 --> 00:31:30.416
when she sees me

00:32:12.541 --> 00:32:14.708
Well, I studied anthropology

00:32:14.708 --> 00:32:18.041
but I work more with Andean food culture,

00:32:18.041 --> 00:32:21.083
trying to rediscover the benefits

00:32:21.083 --> 00:32:23.708
of the legacy of Ancient Peruvians.

00:32:27.208 --> 00:32:29.583
We’re at Wirachacra

00:32:29.583 --> 00:32:33.000
which is our ecological site.

00:32:33.000 --> 00:32:35.666
When we arrived, on these 79 acres

00:32:35.666 --> 00:32:39.833
there were only 3, 4 trees, all bare,

00:32:39.833 --> 00:32:42.500
and we started to plant trees here.

00:32:43.958 --> 00:32:47.083
Look at this lucuma, isn’t it pretty?

00:32:47.083 --> 00:32:48.958
It looks like a

00:32:48.958 --> 00:32:50.666
Christmas tree.

00:33:00.041 --> 00:33:03.166
This is beautiful, and if you’re not expecting it,

00:33:03.166 --> 00:33:05.583
it’s scary, because it looks like a snake

00:33:05.583 --> 00:33:09.583
but it’s a delicious and nutritional guaba

00:33:09.583 --> 00:33:12.125
from the pacay family.

00:33:13.625 --> 00:33:15.916
There’s nothing better than coming to enjoy the fruit

00:33:15.916 --> 00:33:19.000
straight from the tree.

00:33:19.000 --> 00:33:21.416
Watching it grow, watching it develop,

00:33:21.416 --> 00:33:23.208
seeing it healthy, all by itself.

00:33:23.208 --> 00:33:26.166
Because, like the human body, every day they’re attacked

00:33:26.166 --> 00:33:29.625
by thousands of bugs, thousands of microorganisms

00:33:29.625 --> 00:33:31.416
and they defend themselves, and

00:33:31.416 --> 00:33:35.125
unlike us, who can run away from predators,

00:33:35.125 --> 00:33:36.666
they can’t run away.

00:33:36.666 --> 00:33:40.500
So they have to develop a lot of antioxidants,

00:33:40.500 --> 00:33:44.375
a lot of defenses, a very strong immune system,

00:33:44.375 --> 00:33:46.666
all these wild plants.

00:33:46.666 --> 00:33:50.291
When I eat it, I’m eating that intelligence of the plant,

00:33:50.291 --> 00:33:56.250
that vital energy it has, and I’m eating all of those...

00:33:56.250 --> 00:33:58.666
defenses, those antioxidants that it gives me.

00:34:03.666 --> 00:34:08.625
Here we have biodiversity, even in vegetables,

00:34:08.625 --> 00:34:14.083
there are many that are not mentioned

00:34:14.083 --> 00:34:18.583
in books which come from Europe and the United States

00:34:18.583 --> 00:34:21.500
and state policies don’t mention them.

00:34:21.500 --> 00:34:25.041
However, they still have extremely high nutritional value.

00:34:25.041 --> 00:34:28.208
Yesterday we were in Quisquis, even in the highest part,

00:34:28.208 --> 00:34:30.875
we saw them sowing

00:34:30.875 --> 00:34:33.250
and harvesting mashua,

00:34:33.250 --> 00:34:35.750
and when I asked them
what they did with the leaves,

00:34:35.750 --> 00:34:36.958
they said they ate them.

00:34:36.958 --> 00:34:39.541
What did they do with the flower?
They ate it.

00:34:39.541 --> 00:34:41.791
Would a nutritionist find those
in the existing literature?

00:34:41.791 --> 00:34:42.666
If a nutritionist goes

00:34:42.666 --> 00:34:45.166
to do a nutritional research

00:34:45.166 --> 00:34:47.666
they´re simply not mentioned.

00:34:47.666 --> 00:34:48.875
And then they say:

00:34:48.875 --> 00:34:51.583
these country people don’t eat vegetables.

00:34:51.583 --> 00:34:56.875
But it’s more nutritious than cabbage, chard, or spinach.

00:36:12.416 --> 00:36:16.083
This agrobiodiversity we’re so proud of,

00:36:16.083 --> 00:36:18.500
the varieties of potato,

00:36:18.500 --> 00:36:21.583
the varieties of squash, of tomatoes,

00:36:21.583 --> 00:36:23.333
who preserved them?

00:36:23.333 --> 00:36:27.750
It was Andean cultures who have been here

00:36:27.750 --> 00:36:30.750
for over 8 thousand years in this region,

00:36:30.750 --> 00:36:36.666
so they also deserve to be acknowledged in schools.

00:36:42.208 --> 00:36:44.083
The school looks so nice.

00:36:44.083 --> 00:36:45.958
It’s looking nicer and nicer.

00:36:51.416 --> 00:36:55.500
We have a project we’ve got into school.

00:36:56.083 --> 00:36:58.708
It’s called \"Seeds and Schools\".

00:37:01.750 --> 00:37:06.083
We’re here, you remember we came with Mister Alfredo

00:37:06.083 --> 00:37:09.333
to see the seed room,

00:37:09.333 --> 00:37:11.583
but it’s not just the seeds,

00:37:11.583 --> 00:37:15.750
it’s also all of your parents, who take care of the seeds.

00:37:15.750 --> 00:37:18.458
Those three pictures aren’t just there for fun,

00:37:18.458 --> 00:37:21.541
and there are more of them.

00:37:21.541 --> 00:37:26.250
The idea is for you all to care for those seeds

00:37:26.250 --> 00:37:30.458
like your teachers do, like your principal does, right?

00:37:30.458 --> 00:37:35.833
And what we need now is

00:37:35.833 --> 00:37:39.916
for you to help us to keep decorating this room.

00:37:40.333 --> 00:37:44.291
So now we’re going to look at oca, mashua,

00:37:44.291 --> 00:37:48.916
arracacha, ulluco, cushuro.

00:37:50.583 --> 00:37:53.458
Yes, squash, of course, squash is very important

00:37:53.458 --> 00:37:56.125
because we make desserts out of squash

00:37:58.958 --> 00:38:01.375
We’ve been lucky enough to work with

00:38:01.375 --> 00:38:03.583
open-minded schools and teachers

00:38:03.583 --> 00:38:09.000
who have let us go into the classroom

00:38:09.000 --> 00:38:13.416
with crops that are from the region,

00:38:13.416 --> 00:38:15.916
and also with the parents, who are

00:38:15.916 --> 00:38:18.166
actually conservation farmers.

00:38:18.166 --> 00:38:20.625
Their photos are here because

00:38:20.625 --> 00:38:23.250
they were part of the project that we did,

00:38:23.250 --> 00:38:25.833
and they are recognized.

00:38:25.833 --> 00:38:28.625
It’s not only Grau and Bolognesi who are our heroes,

00:38:28.625 --> 00:38:34.958
but they also played a fundamental role in what is now Peru

00:38:34.958 --> 00:38:39.291
and if they say that those crops are good,

00:38:39.291 --> 00:38:40.500
that they’re useful,

00:38:40.500 --> 00:38:44.250
that they help to improve people’s diet,

00:38:44.250 --> 00:38:47.041
the community and the people take notice.

00:38:58.875 --> 00:39:01.833
My name is Marino Ticlavilca Espinoza,

00:39:01.833 --> 00:39:04.833
my wife’s name is Carmela Escobar de la Cruz.

00:39:05.583 --> 00:39:09.541
Here we are 2,700 meters above sea level.

00:39:10.750 --> 00:39:12.791
We’re small farmers,

00:39:12.791 --> 00:39:16.625
and at 2.700 we have land, fields

00:39:16.625 --> 00:39:19.333
that produce a lot of things: potatoes, corn, you know?

00:39:19.333 --> 00:39:22.583
And at 4000 we also have land that

00:39:22.583 --> 00:39:26.666
produces potato, mashua, oca, ulluco.

00:39:31.708 --> 00:39:34.833
Nowadays everyone engages in the business

00:39:34.833 --> 00:39:37.833
of improved potatoes, with fertilizers,

00:39:37.833 --> 00:39:41.375
pesticides, poison, hormones, a lot of other things, but

00:39:41.375 --> 00:39:47.291
we always give our added value to be able to eat healthily,

00:39:47.291 --> 00:39:50.000
with our family, with our children,

00:39:50.000 --> 00:39:52.458
with our grandchildren, and it’s those potatoes.

00:39:52.458 --> 00:39:54.500
I’m talking about over 4000,

00:39:54.500 --> 00:39:58.000
I have 450 or 500 varieties of potato

00:40:02.000 --> 00:40:03.750
This is the tocosh.

00:40:03.750 --> 00:40:05.750
Tocosh,

00:40:08.000 --> 00:40:10.208
eight months.

00:40:21.333 --> 00:40:24.875
Delicious, it’s like one of those Roquefort cheeses,

00:40:24.875 --> 00:40:27.166
they take time, too.

00:40:27.166 --> 00:40:31.375
Because this is yogurt’s cousin, related to preserved foods,

00:40:31.375 --> 00:40:33.333
and it has a lot of penicillin, right?

00:40:33.333 --> 00:40:36.000
Which, in its way,

00:40:36.000 --> 00:40:38.833
as an antibiotic from the penicillin

00:40:38.833 --> 00:40:42.875
gives us a certain immunity, so as well as being a food,

00:40:42.875 --> 00:40:44.958
it’s something that gives us immunity.

00:40:45.375 --> 00:40:51.333
We eat tocosh all year long.

00:40:51.791 --> 00:40:55.625
This is better than roast chicken,

00:40:55.625 --> 00:41:00.958
better than soda, because this is healing,

00:41:00.958 --> 00:41:04.041
right, Don Juancito? Yes, totally.

00:41:04.041 --> 00:41:08.750
For gastritis, for ulcers. In the morning,

00:41:08.750 --> 00:41:12.458
you can put it in a glass of cold water and

00:41:12.458 --> 00:41:16.000
leave it outside, drink it in the morning before breakfast.

00:41:16.000 --> 00:41:19.708
It’s healing, and you won’t have to go to the hospital

00:41:19.708 --> 00:41:25.416
or to the pharmacy to buy pills or capsules.

00:41:25.875 --> 00:41:29.416
Well, it’s not just any potato.

00:41:29.416 --> 00:41:34.791
Shiri blanco, piña, auqui juito, and hualash.

00:41:34.791 --> 00:41:37.333
There are four kinds of potato for tocosh.

00:41:37.583 --> 00:41:40.500
To prepare the mixture like this.

00:41:44.041 --> 00:41:47.833
We put the tocosh in the pot.

00:41:50.708 --> 00:41:52.625
And that’s it,

00:41:53.291 --> 00:41:55.791
it’s nice and warm.

00:42:19.791 --> 00:42:21.541
I really feel sad when people

00:42:21.541 --> 00:42:23.458
in the countryside get desperate,

00:42:23.458 --> 00:42:27.166
they’re the last generation preserving diversity,

00:42:27.166 --> 00:42:32.250
and their kids are telling these old people

00:42:32.250 --> 00:42:35.083
‘don’t go out in the fields, you’re too old now,’

00:42:35.083 --> 00:42:37.416
and they reply, these are the potatoes

00:42:37.416 --> 00:42:40.416
my dad left to me, I can’t abandon them,

00:42:40.416 --> 00:42:43.958
please help me. These situations are the dramas

00:42:43.958 --> 00:42:46.125
happening in the countryside

00:42:46.125 --> 00:42:48.625
and the diversity is getting lost

00:42:48.625 --> 00:42:51.875
because the population conserving it

00:42:51.875 --> 00:42:54.250
is the older generation, and young people

00:42:54.250 --> 00:42:57.625
feel that it’s not...that the countryside isn’t for them.

00:42:57.625 --> 00:43:01.541
I think that’s the country’s problem that we have to
reverse.

00:43:01.541 --> 00:43:04.250
and that really depends on food policies.

00:43:04.250 --> 00:43:07.916
If the policies are always to lower the prices,

00:43:07.916 --> 00:43:10.500
because that way you preserve cities,

00:43:10.500 --> 00:43:12.791
then everyone goes to the cities

00:43:12.791 --> 00:43:15.208
because the politics are determined

00:43:15.208 --> 00:43:17.083
to keep food cheap.

00:43:26.708 --> 00:43:30.833
Europe is the world power in processing potatoes,

00:43:30.833 --> 00:43:33.416
Holland and Belgium they each export

00:43:33.416 --> 00:43:36.333
2 billion dollars annually in processed potato.

00:43:36.333 --> 00:43:38.208
And you get this paradox.

00:43:38.208 --> 00:43:40.333
The country where potatoes originate,

00:43:40.333 --> 00:43:45.000
we send them to Europe and we save Europe from famine,

00:43:45.000 --> 00:43:47.833
nowadays European boats return,

00:43:47.833 --> 00:43:51.500
frozen, pre-fried, to sell these

00:43:51.500 --> 00:43:56.333
french fries that fast food places serve.

00:43:56.541 --> 00:43:58.250
Peru is one of the countries

00:43:58.250 --> 00:44:01.416
that does zero potato processing nationally,

00:44:01.416 --> 00:44:04.000
there is no processing.

00:44:04.000 --> 00:44:06.875
That’s why we have over 300 thousand families

00:44:06.875 --> 00:44:09.541
producing potatoes, every year they have

00:44:09.541 --> 00:44:11.541
a serious crisis, and this year we’re

00:44:11.541 --> 00:44:13.583
seeing a severe crisis right now

00:44:13.583 --> 00:44:15.166
with potato growers.

00:44:21.458 --> 00:44:23.750
We need to generate new ways of

00:44:23.750 --> 00:44:25.583
viewing Peruvian agriculture.

00:44:25.583 --> 00:44:28.250
We’ve had this focus very centered around

00:44:28.250 --> 00:44:29.708
agroexportation of just

00:44:29.708 --> 00:44:33.041
a few specific products.

00:44:33.041 --> 00:44:35.458
We haven’t paid much attention to family farming,

00:44:35.458 --> 00:44:38.958
which is what sustains agrodiversity in Peru.

00:44:41.125 --> 00:44:45.541
A huge round of applause, please for Mrs. Maximiliano

00:44:46.041 --> 00:44:48.541
Up high in Huancavelica,

00:44:48.541 --> 00:44:50.875
we produce all those potatoes,

00:44:50.875 --> 00:44:53.708
we grow them with so much love, so much fondness,

00:44:53.708 --> 00:44:55.541
we do it while dancing, and singing,

00:44:55.541 --> 00:44:58.791
with customs and culture, and we have to

00:44:58.791 --> 00:45:01.000
thank our earth too,

00:45:01.000 --> 00:45:03.958
because look at all of its bounties,

00:45:03.958 --> 00:45:08.000
all our biodiversity. Colors, so many

00:45:08.000 --> 00:45:10.500
wonderful things, antioxidants, and

00:45:10.500 --> 00:45:14.666
we can’t lose that tradition, or they’ll be lost.

00:45:14.666 --> 00:45:17.625
So we have to preserve all that biodiversity.

00:45:19.500 --> 00:45:21.791
Consumption continues to be below average,

00:45:21.791 --> 00:45:23.625
so a country that is the origin of a

00:45:23.625 --> 00:45:26.875
product cannot be below the average.

00:45:26.875 --> 00:45:30.041
Here, to point out a number that I can think of,

00:45:30.041 --> 00:45:35.083
at least about 50 varieties should generally be handled

00:45:35.083 --> 00:45:36.416
from the 3,500 or more

00:45:36.416 --> 00:45:38.333
varieties that are to be found here in Peru.

00:45:38.333 --> 00:45:40.208
Currently, on the market, they handle

00:45:40.208 --> 00:45:44.583
between 10, 12, and up to 15 at the best district markets,

00:45:44.583 --> 00:45:47.500
not at supermarkets, because supermarkets handle

00:45:47.500 --> 00:45:50.625
three or four varieties at most, and that is terrible.

00:45:50.625 --> 00:45:52.541
That does not even happen in Europe.

00:45:52.541 --> 00:45:54.625
By collaborating with the diverse consumption of

00:45:54.625 --> 00:45:57.083
native potatoes, we collaborate

00:45:57.083 --> 00:45:59.666
with the conservation of those varieties.

00:45:59.666 --> 00:46:02.291
We also want to remember something very important,

00:46:02.291 --> 00:46:04.375
which is that potatoes are not alone.

00:46:04.375 --> 00:46:06.166
There is the potato, there is the ulluco,

00:46:06.166 --> 00:46:07.625
there is the mashua and there is the oca.

00:46:07.625 --> 00:46:11.291
There are four Andean tubers that Peru owns.

00:46:11.291 --> 00:46:14.708
Only the potato has a large repertoire

00:46:14.708 --> 00:46:17.750
and each variety has a repertoire yet to be discovered.

00:46:19.333 --> 00:46:21.958
The potato is an extraordinary crop,

00:46:21.958 --> 00:46:24.375
it is the crop that gives you more calories

00:46:24.375 --> 00:46:26.750
and more proteins per hectare.

00:46:26.750 --> 00:46:29.333
They have more potassium than bananas;

00:46:29.333 --> 00:46:32.291
they have more antioxidants than grapes

00:46:32.291 --> 00:46:34.083
and perhaps more than blueberries,

00:46:34.083 --> 00:46:37.291
not as much per 100 grams, but because we

00:46:37.291 --> 00:46:41.041
eat a lot more potatoes than blueberries,

00:46:41.041 --> 00:46:45.041
that makes us have abundant antioxidants.

00:46:45.041 --> 00:46:47.750
And in the Andes there is no lack of vitamin C because

00:46:47.750 --> 00:46:50.291
potatoes are very high in vitamin C.

00:46:50.291 --> 00:46:53.375
So, you will never lack vitamin C.

00:46:53.375 --> 00:46:55.791
The English suffered greatly from scurvy

00:46:55.791 --> 00:46:58.458
but when they loaded the potatoes on their boats,

00:46:58.458 --> 00:47:00.208
bye scurvy, because

00:47:00.208 --> 00:47:01.791
they have such high content in vitamin C.

00:47:28.791 --> 00:47:34.041
Agrobiodiversity is the foundation of our food systems.

00:47:34.041 --> 00:47:36.416
While the world grows more and more,

00:47:36.416 --> 00:47:40.125
that is true, the big food production industry

00:47:40.125 --> 00:47:42.000
on a large scale, which is the

00:47:42.000 --> 00:47:44.750
basis of ultra-processed foods

00:47:44.750 --> 00:47:48.208
that eventually ends up making humans sick.

00:47:48.208 --> 00:47:51.791
For millennia, local agrobiodiversity

00:47:51.791 --> 00:47:54.541
has been the basis of our diet,

00:47:54.541 --> 00:47:59.041
and by definition it is varied, and a diversified diet

00:47:59.041 --> 00:48:02.958
is an insurance for good health.

00:48:11.750 --> 00:48:13.791
In Peru, we have something called

00:48:13.791 --> 00:48:16.416
the differentiated epidemiological profile.

00:48:16.416 --> 00:48:17.833
On the one hand, we have the

00:48:17.833 --> 00:48:22.333
epidemiological profile of an underdeveloped country,

00:48:22.333 --> 00:48:25.500
with anemia and undernutrition, but on the other hand

00:48:25.500 --> 00:48:27.625
we have the epidemiological profile

00:48:27.625 --> 00:48:31.041
of a population with obesity and we have both

00:48:31.041 --> 00:48:33.125
in the same country. What does that mean?

00:48:33.125 --> 00:48:35.791
On the one hand, that we have people who

00:48:35.791 --> 00:48:40.375
do not have the capacity to meet their nutritional needs,

00:48:40.375 --> 00:48:43.291
but on the other hand, they are increasing

00:48:43.291 --> 00:48:46.750
their consumption of junk food and foods that are not

00:48:46.750 --> 00:48:50.291
nutritious, but they actually make them obese.

00:48:55.666 --> 00:48:58.875
It is easy for us to like fat, what is greasy

00:48:58.875 --> 00:49:02.083
because that tastes “delicious”. That is the aroma,

00:49:02.583 --> 00:49:04.541
but that is harmful.

00:49:06.166 --> 00:49:09.166
Processed food, foods high in trans fats,

00:49:09.166 --> 00:49:14.208
which luckily, the danger that it poses is on the label,

00:49:14.208 --> 00:49:17.458
and saturated fat from fried foods,

00:49:17.458 --> 00:49:19.500
excess of seasoning or additives

00:49:19.500 --> 00:49:21.708
make a food really lose

00:49:21.708 --> 00:49:24.541
its properties and be harmful instead.

00:50:05.583 --> 00:50:09.541
Getting near the earth is a beautiful thing,

00:50:09.541 --> 00:50:12.708
as we must practically live next to the earth,

00:50:12.708 --> 00:50:15.250
I believe we are made of earth.

00:50:16.625 --> 00:50:20.375
Since I was a young child, I grew up in these parts,

00:50:20.375 --> 00:50:23.208
they especially cultivated everything.

00:50:23.208 --> 00:50:27.166
Primarily arracacha, more native products,

00:50:27.166 --> 00:50:28.833
for our nutritional needs

00:50:28.833 --> 00:50:32.000
that now we are cultivating very little.

00:50:32.000 --> 00:50:34.333
We are already ceasing to cultivate them

00:50:34.333 --> 00:50:36.500
because we lack manpower,

00:50:36.500 --> 00:50:40.791
including many social causes too.

00:50:40.791 --> 00:50:45.708
Today’s youth are already engaged in other types of work.

00:50:46.375 --> 00:50:49.750
That is why there are many terraces

00:50:49.750 --> 00:50:51.833
which remain uncultivated,

00:50:55.375 --> 00:50:57.916
but we are proud that we are still

00:50:57.916 --> 00:51:00.250
cultivating this part close to the population.

00:51:00.250 --> 00:51:03.291
We rather keep the terraces alive,

00:51:03.291 --> 00:51:08.166
cultivable, and we make the crops with natural compost.

00:51:13.375 --> 00:51:16.250
Concerning the main crops in the area,

00:51:16.250 --> 00:51:19.833
we are talking about potatoes, ocas,

00:51:19.833 --> 00:51:24.291
ullucos, mashuas, quinoa,

00:51:24.291 --> 00:51:28.458
and we can include arracacha too,

00:51:28.458 --> 00:51:31.125
which is even similar to maca.

00:51:37.166 --> 00:51:40.083
Peru has about 1 million hectares of terraces

00:51:40.083 --> 00:51:41.750
or probably more,

00:51:41.750 --> 00:51:45.458
but unfortunately they have been left neglected.

00:51:50.208 --> 00:51:53.541
This plant is undervalued in Peru.

00:51:53.541 --> 00:51:58.333
That’s regrettable. These are the last arracachas.

00:51:58.333 --> 00:52:01.375
They are like carrot roots,

00:52:01.375 --> 00:52:04.291
just as if they were carrots,

00:52:04.291 --> 00:52:07.041
they are very nutritious and help digestion,

00:52:07.041 --> 00:52:09.833
and their leaves can also be eaten

00:52:09.833 --> 00:52:12.416
because they are from the plant family of the celery.

00:52:14.000 --> 00:52:17.541
Since my husband and I are both agronomical engineers,

00:52:17.541 --> 00:52:20.750
we decided to live in the field, not in the city

00:52:20.750 --> 00:52:25.250
and 40 years ago, we decided to live here

00:52:25.250 --> 00:52:28.750
and do organic or biological agriculture,

00:52:28.750 --> 00:52:32.791
we do not use pesticides or chemical fertilizers here.

00:52:32.791 --> 00:52:34.375
What happens is that monoculture,

00:52:34.375 --> 00:52:36.833
by being a single crop,

00:52:36.833 --> 00:52:39.958
the pests that like this crop will multiply,

00:52:39.958 --> 00:52:41.625
and that is why farmers use

00:52:41.625 --> 00:52:43.666
more and more stronger pesticides.

00:52:43.666 --> 00:52:45.333
On the other hand, those monocultures

00:52:45.333 --> 00:52:47.708
extract certain nutrients from the soil,

00:52:47.708 --> 00:52:49.833
but when we rotate the crops

00:52:49.833 --> 00:52:53.083
or associate them, we get a plant that

00:52:53.083 --> 00:52:56.625
can better adapt to those conditions, right?

00:52:56.625 --> 00:53:00.208
And this can help other plants. Synergy is created;

00:53:00.208 --> 00:53:02.500
which I think is a critical word.

00:53:02.500 --> 00:53:04.541
It is when one organism helps another one.

00:53:06.458 --> 00:53:08.958
The agricultural area is separated,

00:53:08.958 --> 00:53:12.041
divided into several plots, about ten small plots

00:53:12.041 --> 00:53:13.458
and the divisions are trees,

00:53:13.458 --> 00:53:17.541
mainly lucuma trees. This is called agroforestry system.

00:53:17.541 --> 00:53:20.916
It is when we associate crops with trees.

00:53:27.375 --> 00:53:30.000
Now Peru operates under a small scale agriculture model.

00:53:30.000 --> 00:53:31.541
With mountain ecosystems,

00:53:31.541 --> 00:53:34.041
where are you going to cultivate large areas

00:53:34.041 --> 00:53:37.166
of just a single variety? Nowhere.

00:53:37.458 --> 00:53:40.041
In Peru the whole agriculture is patchwork,

00:53:40.041 --> 00:53:44.166
it is small, varied, of a lot of colors.

00:53:45.958 --> 00:53:47.541
There is an irony there.

00:53:47.541 --> 00:53:51.125
Center of origin of cultivated plants, center of origin

00:53:51.125 --> 00:53:56.916
of plants that are essential in the human diet.

00:53:57.833 --> 00:54:01.000
However, they are countries that have

00:54:01.000 --> 00:54:03.083
problems with nutrition.

00:54:03.083 --> 00:54:10.333
Undernutrition, anemia, is that not ironic?

00:54:10.333 --> 00:54:12.916
It is an irony. In a country where

00:54:12.916 --> 00:54:18.750
they come to look for genes to make stronger crops

00:54:18.750 --> 00:54:21.125
that have a high protein value,

00:54:21.125 --> 00:54:23.666
there are problems with nutrition,

00:54:23.666 --> 00:54:25.041
that is the irony.

00:54:28.541 --> 00:54:31.416
Good nutrition means a complete diet

00:54:31.416 --> 00:54:34.583
in which we include all the macro and micronutrients.

00:54:34.583 --> 00:54:37.500
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats are the macronutrients

00:54:37.500 --> 00:54:41.333
and the micronutrients are vitamins, minerals, antioxidants

00:54:41.333 --> 00:54:44.916
and precisely Peru is a very interesting source

00:54:44.916 --> 00:54:46.583
of a wide variety that should not be lost.

00:54:46.583 --> 00:54:49.625
...having a complete, varied, balanced diet.

00:54:49.625 --> 00:54:51.666
This word ‘varied’ is important

00:54:51.666 --> 00:54:53.791
because we tend to choose few foods

00:54:53.791 --> 00:54:57.500
and we repeat them in the typical diet, right?

00:54:57.500 --> 00:55:00.666
This is incredible, the foods that we have here in Peru.

00:55:00.666 --> 00:55:03.250
We have such amazing pharmacy,

00:55:03.250 --> 00:55:06.666
we should be able to always include them.

00:55:06.666 --> 00:55:10.416
There are foods that contain the neurotransmitters

00:55:10.416 --> 00:55:12.791
which are serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine,

00:55:12.791 --> 00:55:14.541
these strange names, ...or they contain

00:55:14.541 --> 00:55:16.750
neurotransmitter precursors.

00:55:16.750 --> 00:55:18.333
What the neurotransmitter does is

00:55:18.333 --> 00:55:20.375
foster the synapse at the level of neurons.

00:55:20.375 --> 00:55:24.791
Cocoa is an amazing, very tasty seed

00:55:24.791 --> 00:55:27.666
that actually generates happiness, because it has

00:55:27.666 --> 00:55:31.458
this neurotransmitter, that builds an increase of serotonin.

00:55:39.291 --> 00:55:42.250
What I currently do for patients and people in general,

00:55:42.250 --> 00:55:44.875
is give them recommendations on how they can have

00:55:44.875 --> 00:55:46.750
a strong immune system,

00:55:46.750 --> 00:55:48.583
vitamin D, vitamin C

00:55:48.583 --> 00:55:51.166
iron, zinc, omega 3, are very important.

00:55:51.166 --> 00:55:52.750
There are several factors,

00:55:52.750 --> 00:55:55.458
and here we have Vitamine C, camu camu

00:55:55.458 --> 00:55:59.541
and omega 3, sacha inchi, which stands out as well,

00:55:59.541 --> 00:56:01.666
it has 48% omega 3 and it is the

00:56:01.666 --> 00:56:03.833
plant source with the highest content.

00:56:03.833 --> 00:56:07.416
Purple corn has the primary antioxidants, which

00:56:07.416 --> 00:56:09.750
are anthocyanins, that is the purple color.

00:56:09.750 --> 00:56:11.708
Tarwi, Andean lupin, is an amazing food;

00:56:11.708 --> 00:56:14.125
it even has more proteins than soy.

00:56:14.125 --> 00:56:18.083
Soy has 33% protein content, and tarwi has 44%.

00:56:18.083 --> 00:56:21.250
For example, in vegetarian diets in which there ought to

00:56:21.250 --> 00:56:23.666
be a good vegetables protein supply,

00:56:23.666 --> 00:56:26.416
tarwi, I would say is the best option.

00:56:26.416 --> 00:56:28.375
In addition to phosphorus and magnesium

00:56:28.375 --> 00:56:29.666
it has a lot of minerals.

00:56:29.666 --> 00:56:33.208
It is a food that is very rich in fatty acids.

00:56:33.208 --> 00:56:35.208
So, it is a super good contribution.

00:56:41.500 --> 00:56:44.291
Andean lupini, birraca, native potatoes,

00:56:44.291 --> 00:56:47.125
corn, there are lots of products

00:56:47.125 --> 00:56:49.875
we can list in which Peru is so abundant,

00:56:49.875 --> 00:56:52.000
it has a lot of biodiversity

00:56:52.000 --> 00:56:54.166
but many of us here do not place value on it,

00:56:54.166 --> 00:56:56.833
here is a yacon.

00:56:58.583 --> 00:56:59.791
Yacon.

00:57:01.333 --> 00:57:03.750
When we have an excessive level of salt in our blood,

00:57:03.750 --> 00:57:06.000
this heals it in a natural way.

00:57:08.375 --> 00:57:10.708
Here we have Andean amaranth seed.

00:57:10.708 --> 00:57:12.583
This has lots of antioxidants.

00:57:12.583 --> 00:57:16.291
You can take it in infusions and it is also good to take it

00:57:16.291 --> 00:57:18.875
mainly in the form of porridge. So, what we

00:57:18.875 --> 00:57:22.500
want is that foods having antioxidants

00:57:22.500 --> 00:57:25.041
benefit our health.

00:57:25.916 --> 00:57:27.583
For example, in this micro-basin

00:57:27.583 --> 00:57:31.083
where we live, we have more than a thousand products.

00:57:31.083 --> 00:57:33.666
This is the cape gooseberry,

00:57:34.041 --> 00:57:35.708
which is a native fruit.

00:57:35.708 --> 00:57:37.916
We also have this fruit called ‘tintín’ which is

00:57:37.916 --> 00:57:41.791
a species similar to granadilla, but it is sweeter.

00:57:43.375 --> 00:57:44.458
It is delicious.

00:57:44.458 --> 00:57:48.583
We also have medicinal plants, native trees and also animals

00:57:48.583 --> 00:57:52.208
which are helpful to carry out biological control.

00:57:54.708 --> 00:57:56.125
We are a bit mistaken,

00:57:56.125 --> 00:57:58.625
because when monoculture is done,

00:57:58.625 --> 00:58:01.041
more pests will appear and we cannot control them,

00:58:01.041 --> 00:58:03.416
as those pests are enormous.

00:58:03.416 --> 00:58:07.166
So, when you do crop association and crop rotation,

00:58:07.166 --> 00:58:10.750
that is where you reach a natural balance.

00:58:10.750 --> 00:58:12.416
So here I raise toads.

00:58:12.416 --> 00:58:15.041
There are lizards and there are lots of things

00:58:15.041 --> 00:58:17.416
that also help me control pests.

00:58:17.416 --> 00:58:20.125
I also have to know about the seasons of the year,

00:58:20.125 --> 00:58:22.958
the Andean cosmovision so as to carry out the control

00:58:22.958 --> 00:58:25.166
and that is very important to learn about,

00:58:25.166 --> 00:58:27.708
because we have lost all that Andean cosmovision,

00:58:27.708 --> 00:58:29.875
and then we have engaged in monoculture.

00:58:29.875 --> 00:58:32.458
Well, we are adding a lot of poison,

00:58:32.458 --> 00:58:34.416
a lot of fertilizers, and thus it is

00:58:34.416 --> 00:58:37.333
the overall health of our population that we are damaging.

00:58:43.250 --> 00:58:45.875
Anemia, anemia is practically

00:58:45.875 --> 00:58:47.541
throughout the country.

00:58:48.916 --> 00:58:50.791
In our country, there are regions like

00:58:50.791 --> 00:58:53.083
Puno where there are anemic children with

00:58:53.083 --> 00:58:59.375
up to 75% anemia. Just one in four children

00:58:59.375 --> 00:59:02.583
does not have anemia. It is monstrous

00:59:02.583 --> 00:59:05.666
and the government has launched

00:59:05.666 --> 00:59:08.000
some important projects

00:59:08.000 --> 00:59:11.125
but these projects can´t be

00:59:11.125 --> 00:59:13.416
short term, they have to be

00:59:13.416 --> 00:59:15.000
supported over time.

00:59:15.000 --> 00:59:17.000
This has to be done in a group with

00:59:17.000 --> 00:59:18.958
different sectors collaborating together.

00:59:18.958 --> 00:59:21.375
We are talking about the Ministry of Agriculture,

00:59:21.375 --> 00:59:23.750
the Ministry of Production; we are talking about

00:59:23.750 --> 00:59:26.250
the Department of Health; Education,

00:59:26.250 --> 00:59:28.833
It is essential to educate our children,

00:59:28.833 --> 00:59:31.583
but also Transport, Energy,

00:59:31.583 --> 00:59:34.083
other sectors, since they all together

00:59:34.083 --> 00:59:37.000
will allow us to actually

00:59:37.000 --> 00:59:39.833
distribute, for example, nutritious foods:

00:59:39.833 --> 00:59:41.958
camucamu, quinoa,

00:59:41.958 --> 00:59:44.500
purple corn, in all places,

00:59:44.500 --> 00:59:46.750
all over the country. That thing is missing.

00:59:46.750 --> 00:59:51.250
In our country, there is an outstanding biodiversity

00:59:51.250 --> 00:59:54.125
and that should grant us access to

00:59:54.125 --> 00:59:57.708
nutrients, proteins, calories and

00:59:57.708 --> 01:00:01.166
micro minerals. That is how it should be,

01:00:01.166 --> 01:00:06.375
but note that we have two major factors that prevent that.

01:00:06.375 --> 01:00:08.583
On one hand, the cultural factor:

01:00:08.583 --> 01:00:13.416
culturally, certain foods are not accepted in all places

01:00:13.416 --> 01:00:15.916
and thus, we do not do the combination of those foods

01:00:15.916 --> 01:00:19.125
and, on the other hand, there is no accessibility to them.

01:00:27.708 --> 01:00:29.458
My name is Lenin Cajahuaringa. I am a

01:00:29.458 --> 01:00:32.166
cook from Apurimac. I am traveling to provide

01:00:32.166 --> 01:00:35.541
different food alternatives to eradicate

01:00:35.541 --> 01:00:39.750
from my Apurimac region mainly anemia and undernutrition.

01:00:40.416 --> 01:00:42.458
Madam, where can I find white chuño

01:00:42.458 --> 01:00:44.875
or already soaked black chuño?

01:00:45.666 --> 01:00:47.708
Vegetable section, downwards, thanks.

01:00:50.041 --> 01:00:51.500
Hello, how are you?

01:00:51.500 --> 01:00:54.208
Can you sell me white chuño and black chuño, please?

01:00:59.000 --> 01:01:02.416
Here, in Apurimac, several cooks are getting together,

01:01:02.416 --> 01:01:04.041
all of them with roots and native to Apurimac,

01:01:04.041 --> 01:01:08.291
to simply generate a good gastronomic movement

01:01:08.291 --> 01:01:10.666
in all the Apurimac region, and to make it better known.

01:01:10.666 --> 01:01:14.208
Also mention that Palmiro Ocampo is the main fighter

01:01:14.208 --> 01:01:16.583
for the eradication of anemia in Peru.

01:01:19.666 --> 01:01:25.000
I had a very haute cuisine restaurant in San Isidro.

01:01:25.333 --> 01:01:27.625
I was happy with that, because the

01:01:27.625 --> 01:01:29.291
training I had received as a cook

01:01:29.291 --> 01:01:32.750
was for this type of projects.

01:01:32.750 --> 01:01:35.541
But one day, my parents came to eat at my restaurant

01:01:35.541 --> 01:01:38.125
and they did not understand the cuisine I was doing,

01:01:40.625 --> 01:01:43.208
and I felt ashamed, but it made me

01:01:43.208 --> 01:01:46.125
realize that the cuisine I was doing

01:01:46.125 --> 01:01:49.083
was a cuisine targeting a

01:01:49.083 --> 01:01:52.625
very small social class in my country

01:01:52.625 --> 01:01:54.833
and that I had to do a cuisine

01:01:54.833 --> 01:01:56.750
that would reach more people.

01:02:04.208 --> 01:02:07.291
Then, I decided I am going to divide my life in two.

01:02:07.291 --> 01:02:10.291
I will make haute cuisine to earn my living

01:02:10.291 --> 01:02:13.000
and that haute cuisine, I will take it down to the ground

01:02:13.000 --> 01:02:15.291
for the people in my country who need it.

01:02:15.291 --> 01:02:16.916
Because that is what my parents are.

01:02:17.791 --> 01:02:20.208
Hello.

01:02:20.208 --> 01:02:21.666
How are you doing?

01:02:24.458 --> 01:02:26.208
How are you doing children?

01:02:28.500 --> 01:02:29.958
I began to apply this culinary

01:02:29.958 --> 01:02:31.791
knowledge that I had learned in

01:02:31.791 --> 01:02:34.291
different restaurants where I had worked

01:02:34.291 --> 01:02:35.583
in the world.

01:02:36.041 --> 01:02:38.291
That knowledge was to be applied to a cuisine

01:02:38.291 --> 01:02:41.083
that should be a solution

01:02:41.083 --> 01:02:42.500
for people who did not have

01:02:42.500 --> 01:02:44.750
so many means and that solution was

01:02:44.750 --> 01:02:50.000
as simple as this: Instead of throwing away

01:02:50.000 --> 01:02:51.708
that amount of a product,

01:02:51.708 --> 01:02:55.083
how can we actually use 100% of it.

01:02:55.708 --> 01:02:57.375
We are on the road to Andahuaylas;

01:02:57.375 --> 01:03:00.541
my family is from Andahuaylas.

01:03:02.625 --> 01:03:05.291
The way we see the cuisine,

01:03:05.291 --> 01:03:07.166
the way to optimize the ingredient to the maximum

01:03:07.166 --> 01:03:10.666
to respect it, and therefore to contaminate less,

01:03:10.666 --> 01:03:13.125
and thus, to generate more food rations

01:03:13.125 --> 01:03:17.666
and use the ingredient in an optimal way,

01:03:17.666 --> 01:03:20.166
but also generates optimism

01:03:20.166 --> 01:03:23.041
in people who begin to see that

01:03:23.041 --> 01:03:25.791
they can cook more with less.

01:03:25.791 --> 01:03:31.375
We think that this is the path to a treasure,

01:03:31.375 --> 01:03:33.458
which at some point will arrive,

01:03:33.458 --> 01:03:34.958
for a better Peru.

01:04:15.125 --> 01:04:19.083
I am from Madre de Dios; I grew up in a community

01:04:19.083 --> 01:04:23.125
within the jungle, within nature.

01:04:28.333 --> 01:04:30.208
I love my Amazon region very much,

01:04:30.208 --> 01:04:32.375
that is why I am working hard on the project

01:04:32.375 --> 01:04:34.208
\"Cooking and Preserving\", and at the same time

01:04:34.208 --> 01:04:35.916
I am in the conservation project.

01:04:41.500 --> 01:04:43.291
I frequently travel to the communities,

01:04:43.291 --> 01:04:45.250
I see many of their needs.

01:04:45.250 --> 01:04:50.333
Right now they are having many problems with food,

01:04:50.333 --> 01:04:52.500
there is much undernutrition,

01:04:52.500 --> 01:04:54.916
but we also have natural products

01:04:54.916 --> 01:04:58.125
which benefit us, our nutrition.

01:04:59.541 --> 01:05:00.958
Welcome!

01:05:20.666 --> 01:05:23.208
If one is going to teach, I think people

01:05:23.208 --> 01:05:26.500
learn from that, from every ingredient they

01:05:26.500 --> 01:05:28.625
have to put on their plate.

01:05:29.583 --> 01:05:31.500
We have natural fats in brazil nuts;

01:05:31.500 --> 01:05:34.125
we have mushrooms that nourish us well; we have

01:05:34.125 --> 01:05:38.500
palm fruits: ungurahui, moriche palm fruit, açai berries,

01:05:38.500 --> 01:05:40.583
urucuri palm fruit, and

01:05:40.583 --> 01:05:42.708
murumuru palm fruit.

01:05:55.125 --> 01:05:57.791
We have shared a bit the experience

01:05:57.791 --> 01:05:59.958
as a cook, also teaching them

01:05:59.958 --> 01:06:02.416
some techniques on how to

01:06:02.416 --> 01:06:05.166
chop it, also they have

01:06:05.166 --> 01:06:07.708
taught me how to season fish,

01:06:07.708 --> 01:06:11.375
how to wrap it and how to tie fish.

01:06:18.375 --> 01:06:21.291
What hurts me the most is that there are people who are not

01:06:21.291 --> 01:06:24.416
conscious that come here and destroy

01:06:24.416 --> 01:06:28.333
just to become millionaires

01:06:28.333 --> 01:06:30.625
because, here, they often use the

01:06:30.625 --> 01:06:33.375
lands of the Amazon region to extract gold,

01:06:33.375 --> 01:06:35.166
so it is a very strong

01:06:35.166 --> 01:06:37.083
feeling I get when I look at all this

01:06:37.083 --> 01:06:39.416
destruction that we have here.

01:06:48.083 --> 01:06:50.166
The food is delicious,

01:06:50.166 --> 01:06:53.291
they are taking pictures of you while you are savoring.

01:06:57.833 --> 01:07:00.833
This way we have water from the river,

01:07:00.833 --> 01:07:02.541
there are times when there is none,

01:07:02.541 --> 01:07:04.666
you may navigate for around 20 minutes

01:07:04.666 --> 01:07:07.875
there is a rancher there.

01:07:07.875 --> 01:07:11.625
Sometimes a cow dies there and we take that water,

01:07:11.625 --> 01:07:14.791
we have no water. Also, there are miners that

01:07:14.791 --> 01:07:17.125
pollute the river.

01:07:17.125 --> 01:07:19.875
But we are drinking that water here.

01:07:37.416 --> 01:07:40.791
Our region does not deserve the destiny

01:07:40.791 --> 01:07:42.541
that it is having at the moment.

01:07:42.541 --> 01:07:46.291
We have felt, let us say, a whole process of change

01:07:46.291 --> 01:07:49.375
that has precisely endangered

01:07:49.375 --> 01:07:51.916
our natural resources and the environment.

01:08:21.166 --> 01:08:25.000
To combat those problems,

01:08:25.000 --> 01:08:29.958
that scourge of criminal organizations that persist

01:08:29.958 --> 01:08:33.333
because only 80% of them have been evicted

01:08:33.333 --> 01:08:35.791
and 20% are those who have stayed.

01:08:35.791 --> 01:08:37.750
They are the tough guys,

01:08:37.750 --> 01:08:41.833
they are those who handle the money.

01:08:41.833 --> 01:08:45.583
That is why they have not yet been totally eradicated.

01:08:45.583 --> 01:08:47.625
Let us make every effort

01:08:47.625 --> 01:08:53.500
so that this situation does not continue.

01:08:54.875 --> 01:08:59.666
If we had no forests, life would not exist,

01:08:59.666 --> 01:09:03.541
since forests are the perfect, harmonic combination

01:09:03.541 --> 01:09:06.833
between fauna and flora.

01:09:08.041 --> 01:09:10.125
If there were no forests, there would be no fruits,

01:09:10.125 --> 01:09:12.125
there would be no medicinal plants,

01:09:12.125 --> 01:09:14.541
there would be absolutely nothing.

01:09:40.375 --> 01:09:42.583
Peru has about 5 million

01:09:42.583 --> 01:09:45.583
hectares of palm swamps. The moriche palm fruit has

01:09:45.583 --> 01:09:48.708
5 times more vitamin A than carrots do.

01:09:50.208 --> 01:09:54.250
There are so many food resources

01:09:54.250 --> 01:09:57.833
to solve health and food problems

01:09:57.833 --> 01:09:59.708
that are here in the Amazon region.

01:10:07.875 --> 01:10:11.125
If we depend on imported foods

01:10:11.125 --> 01:10:13.333
in those places in Peru with most difficult access,

01:10:13.333 --> 01:10:16.291
we will never solve food security problems.

01:10:21.916 --> 01:10:24.000
There is no better way to create economy

01:10:24.000 --> 01:10:26.041
and to conserve natural resources than when

01:10:26.041 --> 01:10:28.916
the forest is better managed. Well, therein lies the key.

01:10:28.916 --> 01:10:33.375
We have to combine local and native knowledge,

01:10:35.500 --> 01:10:38.166
use modern technology in issues related

01:10:38.166 --> 01:10:40.416
to transformation and conservation,

01:10:40.416 --> 01:10:43.041
and reach markets that are in the Amazon region.

01:11:08.916 --> 01:11:10.666
There is no specific plant that has more

01:11:10.666 --> 01:11:12.958
ascorbic acid content than camu camu.

01:11:16.166 --> 01:11:18.666
It is a plant that, until about 30 years ago,

01:11:18.666 --> 01:11:20.125
it was a wild plant

01:11:20.125 --> 01:11:24.166
that was only eaten by natives and fish.

01:11:27.083 --> 01:11:31.041
But local researchers did the

01:11:31.041 --> 01:11:33.166
tests and saw that it has a high

01:11:33.166 --> 01:11:35.916
content of ascorbic acid, vitamin C.

01:11:35.916 --> 01:11:38.541
Right now, we are domesticating this plant.

01:12:25.208 --> 01:12:27.250
Let us keep conserving the natural resources

01:12:27.250 --> 01:12:29.750
in the Amazon region: one of them is

01:12:29.750 --> 01:12:32.583
the moriche palm fruit, other resources are the forests, and

01:12:32.583 --> 01:12:35.166
other medicinal and food products

01:12:35.166 --> 01:12:37.583
that the Amazon region has. We have to know them better,

01:12:37.583 --> 01:12:40.125
therefore, we have to spread it more

01:12:40.125 --> 01:12:43.916
so that everyone, whether Amazonian or non-Amazonian,

01:12:43.916 --> 01:12:46.375
can value it and conserve it better.

01:13:04.166 --> 01:13:07.375
Wood has been exploited for more than 100 years now,

01:13:07.375 --> 01:13:10.041
thinking that wood was never going to run out.

01:13:10.041 --> 01:13:12.666
We had thought this way because we have forests

01:13:12.666 --> 01:13:15.208
and there are millions of hectares that have them.

01:13:15.208 --> 01:13:16.583
We have thought

01:13:16.583 --> 01:13:19.250
that wood was never going to run out; it does run out.

01:13:19.250 --> 01:13:21.333
We have reached a point in this issue, that now

01:13:21.333 --> 01:13:23.791
we cannot export first class woods

01:13:23.791 --> 01:13:24.708
because there are none.

01:14:22.333 --> 01:14:24.250
Here, in the Amazon region, we have described

01:14:24.250 --> 01:14:26.500
6,000 kinds of fruit. Of those,

01:14:26.500 --> 01:14:29.375
we just eat slightly less than 1,000 species.

01:14:29.375 --> 01:14:32.833
One thousand kinds of fruit. Then, they are

01:14:32.833 --> 01:14:35.500
big quantities. What could I tell you? They are the

01:14:35.500 --> 01:14:39.208
chuncho cacao, the perfumed passionflower, there is

01:14:39.208 --> 01:14:41.375
the leonida fruit, there are always many things that

01:14:41.375 --> 01:14:43.708
are being discovered, more fruits

01:14:43.708 --> 01:14:46.166
that you have never seen.

01:14:46.166 --> 01:14:48.291
And every fruit that exists, there is something that

01:14:48.291 --> 01:14:50.833
eats it because, just think, a fruit does not

01:14:50.833 --> 01:14:52.875
exist for nothing, does it? Everything that exists

01:14:52.875 --> 01:14:55.625
in nature exists for a reason and

01:14:55.625 --> 01:14:58.000
fruits exist for the animals

01:14:58.000 --> 01:15:00.041
to eat them and disperse the seeds.

01:15:01.916 --> 01:15:04.416
All of them are important, that is why they are all

01:15:04.416 --> 01:15:07.333
included in a food web; we always mention

01:15:07.333 --> 01:15:10.375
the food chain, but it is really a web, because

01:15:10.375 --> 01:15:11.916
it is not only like this, like this, and like this, but

01:15:11.916 --> 01:15:14.458
everything is connected in some way.

01:15:14.458 --> 01:15:16.708
Then, we think that snakes

01:15:16.708 --> 01:15:18.291
and frogs have nothing to do with our

01:15:18.291 --> 01:15:20.041
food, so we do not eat those things.

01:15:20.041 --> 01:15:21.666
But all this is part of a

01:15:21.666 --> 01:15:24.291
complex ecosystem, which is what is necessary

01:15:24.291 --> 01:15:26.583
to generate food.

01:15:26.583 --> 01:15:32.666
Then, snakes control populations of other animals

01:15:32.666 --> 01:15:34.583
and then, maintaining all that balance

01:15:34.583 --> 01:15:36.916
between all the species is important

01:15:36.916 --> 01:15:39.666
so that plants can grow and

01:15:39.666 --> 01:15:41.958
this soil can continue to be nutritious and all that.

01:15:48.916 --> 01:15:51.041
To do mining, for example, they do it

01:15:51.041 --> 01:15:53.625
in the river, but they deforest areas

01:15:53.625 --> 01:15:56.375
to get to the interior, to extract the gold that

01:15:56.375 --> 01:15:57.791
is in the earth, right? Then, the whole

01:15:57.791 --> 01:15:59.791
forest has to be burned so that

01:15:59.791 --> 01:16:01.916
they can access the gold, but once there

01:16:01.916 --> 01:16:05.041
is no longer forest, all those interactions that

01:16:05.041 --> 01:16:06.541
were there are lost, all the

01:16:06.541 --> 01:16:08.041
fruits and all the animals that

01:16:08.041 --> 01:16:09.708
depended on those fruits and all the other

01:16:09.708 --> 01:16:11.375
animals that depended on that animal,

01:16:11.375 --> 01:16:13.541
and everything. All that web is lost.

01:16:38.083 --> 01:16:43.083
One of the environmental, ethical and moral topics

01:16:43.083 --> 01:16:45.791
of this century is climate change

01:16:45.791 --> 01:16:48.291
because one of the areas

01:16:48.291 --> 01:16:50.500
on which climate change is going to impact

01:16:50.500 --> 01:16:52.125
is food.

01:16:52.458 --> 01:16:54.750
It is proven that more than 40%

01:16:54.750 --> 01:16:57.875
of the greenhouse effect has to do

01:16:57.875 --> 01:17:00.458
with agriculture and livestock in the world.

01:17:00.458 --> 01:17:02.208
Which agriculture and which livestock?

01:17:02.208 --> 01:17:04.083
It is the one that is based on transgenics,

01:17:04.083 --> 01:17:06.958
on hyper industrialization,

01:17:06.958 --> 01:17:10.916
while family farming is the one that still

01:17:10.916 --> 01:17:13.291
conserves diversity and

01:17:13.291 --> 01:17:15.750
maintains the possibilities of having

01:17:15.750 --> 01:17:17.541
a more sustainable agriculture.

01:17:36.791 --> 01:17:39.250
Climate change is a reality. There are

01:17:39.250 --> 01:17:42.000
many people who actually still deny it,

01:17:42.000 --> 01:17:45.791
but the evidence is very clear,

01:17:45.791 --> 01:17:48.666
and everyday problems are getting bigger

01:17:48.666 --> 01:17:50.458
and the small Peruvian agriculture

01:17:50.458 --> 01:17:52.625
that conserves agrobiodiversity is

01:17:52.625 --> 01:17:55.666
not sufficiently prepared

01:17:55.666 --> 01:17:57.708
to face these challenges.

01:17:57.958 --> 01:18:00.208
There was a loss of crops,

01:18:00.208 --> 01:18:01.541
a loss of livestock that

01:18:01.541 --> 01:18:04.208
affected us, rural people, and we cried.

01:18:04.208 --> 01:18:06.625
And there are people who do not listen to us.

01:18:06.625 --> 01:18:11.208
It hurts me. It hurts me because it’s like,

01:18:11.208 --> 01:18:14.500
losing myself. It is that pain that is felt here,

01:18:14.500 --> 01:18:18.333
deep inside, and seeing how the people of your land

01:18:18.333 --> 01:18:21.041
do not manage to be listened to and seeing how

01:18:21.041 --> 01:18:23.458
your own nature and your mother Earth

01:18:23.458 --> 01:18:25.958
are dying before your very eyes, and you

01:18:25.958 --> 01:18:28.416
seek help, and you want to try to get

01:18:28.416 --> 01:18:30.750
someone to support you, and you cannot

01:18:30.750 --> 01:18:33.583
find anyone, and they do not become aware of that.

01:18:33.583 --> 01:18:35.250
Tell me, regarding the people who will come

01:18:35.250 --> 01:18:37.791
tomorrow or later on, what are they going

01:18:37.791 --> 01:18:40.625
to live on? If we are suffering

01:18:40.625 --> 01:18:42.625
droughts there now, there is no water and

01:18:42.625 --> 01:18:44.958
there is no food, tell me, what are my children

01:18:44.958 --> 01:18:47.083
going to live on tomorrow or later on?

01:19:56.500 --> 01:19:59.333
Agriculture, both in the coastal and

01:19:59.333 --> 01:20:00.916
Andean regions, has expanded,

01:20:00.916 --> 01:20:04.958
but it has expanded under models that very often forget

01:20:04.958 --> 01:20:09.541
about the highly important knowledge

01:20:09.541 --> 01:20:11.250
that was developed in a country

01:20:11.250 --> 01:20:13.708
with 10 thousand years of agricultural history,

01:20:13.708 --> 01:20:16.541
because very important things have been discovered

01:20:16.541 --> 01:20:19.750
about how agriculture was carried out in Peru and

01:20:19.750 --> 01:20:22.250
why they maintained and encouraged

01:20:22.250 --> 01:20:26.500
biodiversity versus homogeneity.

01:20:26.500 --> 01:20:30.500
Peru has a treasure on which it is sitting,

01:20:30.500 --> 01:20:33.333
which is not gold, but biodiversity,

01:20:33.333 --> 01:20:36.083
that is the future that is coming.

01:20:36.083 --> 01:20:39.000
For me, the future

01:20:39.000 --> 01:20:42.041
is not ahead, the future is behind. The point is

01:20:42.041 --> 01:20:44.916
that we no longer listen to or no longer feel nature,

01:20:44.916 --> 01:20:47.333
we have turned it into an object.

01:20:47.333 --> 01:20:49.250
And we need to go back to the origins, learn

01:20:49.250 --> 01:20:53.166
from those cultures of ours, which are still alive,

01:20:53.166 --> 01:20:55.250
vital and learn from them,

01:20:55.250 --> 01:20:58.166
because today, from this matter of Covid-19 on,

01:20:58.166 --> 01:21:00.541
nature is telling us many things that we have to learn

01:21:00.541 --> 01:21:02.541
to understand, we have to read them,

01:21:02.541 --> 01:21:04.000
we have to stop doing them.

01:21:25.500 --> 01:21:27.333
I think that the only right thing

01:21:27.333 --> 01:21:32.000
would be to make agriculture profitable

01:21:32.000 --> 01:21:36.791
so that people can think that, instead of

01:21:36.791 --> 01:21:39.458
having to go to the cities to study

01:21:39.458 --> 01:21:42.916
and become professionals, they can return to

01:21:42.916 --> 01:21:46.041
their fields and treat them well

01:21:46.041 --> 01:21:48.500
as their ancestors did.

01:21:48.500 --> 01:21:51.958
The answer lies in the middle-class public,

01:21:51.958 --> 01:21:54.000
that they become aware of

01:21:54.000 --> 01:21:57.458
and that we make these products reach them.

01:21:57.458 --> 01:21:59.833
This change and the revolution of

01:21:59.833 --> 01:22:01.458
Peruvian food need to

01:22:01.458 --> 01:22:06.875
happen at home. How? Learning how to cook.

01:22:06.875 --> 01:22:09.666
It is the best tool against undernutrition,

01:22:09.666 --> 01:22:11.625
against malnutrition

01:22:11.625 --> 01:22:14.541
and against problems of poverty in our country.

01:22:42.083 --> 01:22:44.958
Our country does not subsidize or protect agriculture.

01:22:44.958 --> 01:22:47.666
We have abandoned family farming.

01:22:47.666 --> 01:22:50.000
Peru has practically zero

01:22:50.000 --> 01:22:52.000
tariffs for imports of the greatest

01:22:52.000 --> 01:22:55.791
quantity of important foods and in general

01:22:55.791 --> 01:22:58.500
we have policies that tell us that

01:22:58.500 --> 01:23:02.208
it is better to import cheap subsidized food

01:23:02.208 --> 01:23:04.291
than to support the national producer.

01:23:04.291 --> 01:23:07.000
We have to be able to develop the potential

01:23:07.000 --> 01:23:09.083
that each territory has and change

01:23:09.083 --> 01:23:11.958
the export policy, diversify it

01:23:11.958 --> 01:23:13.416
and target it much more towards the

01:23:13.416 --> 01:23:15.958
products produced by these family farmers.

01:23:15.958 --> 01:23:17.625
My dream is that Peru

01:23:17.625 --> 01:23:20.375
is characterized by being a country

01:23:20.375 --> 01:23:25.541
where we consume biodiversity more and more;

01:23:25.541 --> 01:23:28.250
that we could feel that there is an

01:23:28.250 --> 01:23:31.708
institution or several that measure how much of this

01:23:31.708 --> 01:23:34.125
biodiversity we are consuming, and that

01:23:34.125 --> 01:23:36.333
year after year, they would tell us how much more

01:23:36.333 --> 01:23:38.000
we have consumed;

01:23:38.000 --> 01:23:40.708
that we would stop listening to so many marvelous

01:23:40.708 --> 01:23:43.916
speeches about biodiversity,

01:23:43.916 --> 01:23:46.250
and that we were able to see more public investment

01:23:46.250 --> 01:23:49.833
to protect it and to keep it evolving.

01:23:49.833 --> 01:23:52.208
Biodiversity is not going to

01:23:52.208 --> 01:23:56.375
be conserved if consumers do not buy it.

01:24:07.291 --> 01:24:09.000
“Men have forgotten you,”

01:24:09.208 --> 01:24:10.916
the Sun told the Earth.

01:24:12.458 --> 01:24:14.583
“They are unable to see you,

01:24:14.583 --> 01:24:16.583
and in their darkness,

01:24:16.583 --> 01:24:18.708
they no longer call you Mother,

01:24:18.708 --> 01:24:21.333
They no longer call upon you.”

01:24:22.041 --> 01:24:24.875
The Earth was silent.

01:24:25.416 --> 01:24:27.000
The sun persisted,

01:24:27.000 --> 01:24:28.666
“They suffer from hunger;

01:24:28.875 --> 01:24:31.458
yet fail to care for the fruits of your womb.”

01:24:32.625 --> 01:24:34.416
And the Moon chimed in,

01:24:34.416 --> 01:24:36.666
“They lay waste to the forests,

01:24:36.666 --> 01:24:39.125
desecrate rivers and seas.

01:24:42.791 --> 01:24:45.958
Your children have turned against you.”

01:24:46.208 --> 01:24:48.958
At last, the Earth spoke up.

01:24:49.041 --> 01:24:51.500
“They have not turned against me;

01:24:53.583 --> 01:24:56.458
they have turned against themselves.”

01:25:00.000 --> 01:25:02.833
“But there are Seed People still,”

01:25:02.833 --> 01:25:04.625
the Earth admonished Heaven.

01:25:04.791 --> 01:25:07.333
“They have not forgotten.”

01:25:07.958 --> 01:25:10.833
“They are the Seed.”

01:25:11.291 --> 01:25:13.500
“Perhaps it is not too late,”

01:25:13.500 --> 01:25:15.750
said the Earth.

01:25:15.750 --> 01:25:18.208
“Perhaps it is not too late.”

01:26:55.125 --> 01:26:57.958
Let us go to the field.

01:27:03.000 --> 01:27:06.250
Ah, this one is it, then.

01:27:06.250 --> 01:27:11.041
This tomato is the wild cousin of the

01:27:11.041 --> 01:27:14.166
cultivated tomato, but initially

01:27:14.166 --> 01:27:15.958
it has been of this size.

01:27:15.958 --> 01:27:19.125
Tomato is the raw material of the main

01:27:19.125 --> 01:27:20.875
agroindustry in the world. Every time

01:27:20.875 --> 01:27:25.416
someone drinks a Bloody Mary or eats a pizza,

01:27:26.875 --> 01:27:29.250
it would be nice to remember that this

01:27:29.250 --> 01:27:32.375
would not be possible without the genes of a very

01:27:32.375 --> 01:27:34.833
humble small plant growing on the edge of

01:27:34.833 --> 01:27:36.708
a road in some ravine.